Aplastic Anemia Questions & Answers

1. Breakey VR, Meyn S, Ng V, Allen C, Dokal I, Lansdorp PM, et al. Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia presenting as a familial bone marrow failure syndrome. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2009 Nov. 31(11):884-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Gonzalez-Casas R, Garcia-Buey L, Jones EA, Gisbert JP, Moreno-Otero R. Systematic review: hepatitis-associated aplastic anaemia--a syndrome associated with abnormal immunological function. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Sep 1. 30(5):436-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Miano M, Dufour C. The diagnosis and treatment of aplastic anemia: a review. Int J Hematol. 2015 Jun. 101 (6):527-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. McCormack PL. Eltrombopag: a review of its use in patients with severe aplastic anaemia. Drugs. 2015 Apr. 75 (5):525-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. [Guideline] Killick SB, Bown N, Cavenagh J, Dokal I, Foukaneli T, Hill A, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of adult aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol. 2016 Jan. 172 (2):187-207. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

6. [Guideline] Samarasinghe S, Veys P, Vora A, Wynn R. Paediatric amendment to adult BSH Guidelines for aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol. 2018 Jan. 180 (2):201-205. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

7. [Guideline] Barone A, Lucarelli A, Onofrillo D, Verzegnassi F, Bonanomi S, et al. Diagnosis and management of acquired aplastic anemia in childhood. Guidelines from the Marrow Failure Study Group of the Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Italian Association (AIEOP). Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2015 Jun. 55 (1):40-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Moore CA, Krishnan K. Aplastic Anemia. 2020 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

9. Wu Y, Yu J, Zhang L, Luo Q, Xiao JW, Liu XM, et al. [Hematopoiesis support of mesenchymal stem cells in children with aplastic anemia]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2008 Aug. 10(4):455-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Scopes J, Daly S, Atkinson R, Ball SE, Gordon-Smith EC, Gibson FM. Aplastic anemia: evidence for dysfunctional bone marrow progenitor cells and the corrective effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in vitro. Blood. 1996 Apr 15. 87(8):3179-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Young NS. Pathophysiologic mechanisms in acquired aplastic anemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2006. 72-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Luzzatto L, Risitano AM. Advances in understanding the pathogenesis of acquired aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol. 2018 Jul 5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Callera F, Falcão RP. Increased apoptotic cells in bone marrow biopsies from patients with aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol. 1997 Jul. 98 (1):18-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Scopes J, Bagnara M, Gordon-Smith EC, Ball SE, Gibson FM. Haemopoietic progenitor cells are reduced in aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol. 1994 Feb. 86 (2):427-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Marsh JC. Long-term bone marrow cultures in aplastic anaemia. Eur J Haematol Suppl. 1996. 60:75-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Marsh JC, Chang J, Testa NG, Hows JM, Dexter TM. The hematopoietic defect in aplastic anemia assessed by long-term marrow culture. Blood. 1990 Nov 1. 76(9):1748-57. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Solomou EE, Keyvanfar K, Young NS. T-bet, a Th1 transcription factor, is up-regulated in T cells from patients with aplastic anemia. Blood. 2006 May 15. 107(10):3983-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

18. Socié G, Rosenfeld S, Frickhofen N, Gluckman E, Tichelli A. Late clonal diseases of treated aplastic anemia. Semin Hematol. 2000 Jan. 37(1):91-101. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Nakao S. Immune mechanism of aplastic anemia. Int J Hematol. 1997 Aug. 66(2):127-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Frickhofen N, Kaltwasser JP, Schrezenmeier H, Raghavachar A, Vogt HG, Herrmann F, et al. Treatment of aplastic anemia with antilymphocyte globulin and methylprednisolone with or without cyclosporine. The German Aplastic Anemia Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1991 May 9. 324(19):1297-304. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Passweg JR, Pérez WS, Eapen M, Camitta BM, Gluckman E, Hinterberger W, et al. Bone marrow transplants from mismatched related and unrelated donors for severe aplastic anemia. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2006 Apr. 37(7):641-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Bacigalupo A, Brand R, Oneto R, Bruno B, Socié G, Passweg J, et al. Treatment of acquired severe aplastic anemia: bone marrow transplantation compared with immunosuppressive therapy--The European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation experience. Semin Hematol. 2000 Jan. 37(1):69-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Hirano N, Butler MO, Von Bergwelt-Baildon MS, Maecker B, Schultze JL, O'Connor KC, et al. Autoantibodies frequently detected in patients with aplastic anemia. Blood. 2003 Dec 15. 102(13):4567-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Solomou EE, Gibellini F, Stewart B, Malide D, Berg M, Visconte V, et al. Perforin gene mutations in patients with acquired aplastic anemia. Blood. 2007 Jun 15. 109(12):5234-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

25. Solomou EE, Rezvani K, Mielke S, Malide D, Keyvanfar K, Visconte V, et al. Deficient CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ T regulatory cells in acquired aplastic anemia. Blood. 2007 Sep 1. 110(5):1603-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

26. Sakaguchi H, Nishio N, Hama A, Kawashima N, Wang X, Narita A, et al. Peripheral blood lymphocyte telomere length as a predictor of response to immunosuppressive therapy in childhood aplastic anemia. Haematologica. 2014 Aug. 99 (8):1312-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

27. Brümmendorf TH, Maciejewski JP, Mak J, Young NS, Lansdorp PM. Telomere length in leukocyte subpopulations of patients with aplastic anemia. Blood. 2001 Feb 15. 97 (4):895-900. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

28. Scheinberg P, Cooper JN, Sloand EM, Wu CO, Calado RT, Young NS. Association of telomere length of peripheral blood leukocytes with hematopoietic relapse, malignant transformation, and survival in severe aplastic anemia. JAMA. 2010 Sep 22. 304(12):1358-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Alexander WS, Roberts AW, Nicola NA, Li R, Metcalf D. Deficiencies in progenitor cells of multiple hematopoietic lineages and defective megakaryocytopoiesis in mice lacking the thrombopoietic receptor c-Mpl. Blood. 1996 Mar 15. 87 (6):2162-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Kimura S, Roberts AW, Metcalf D, Alexander WS. Hematopoietic stem cell deficiencies in mice lacking c-Mpl, the receptor for thrombopoietin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Feb 3. 95 (3):1195-200. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

31. Feng X, Scheinberg P, Wu CO, Samsel L, Nunez O, Prince C, et al. Cytokine signature profiles in acquired aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. Haematologica. 2011 Apr. 96 (4):602-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

32. Alter BP. Aplastic Anemia, Pediatric Aspects. Oncologist. 1996. 1(6):361-366. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Vulliamy T, Marrone A, Dokal I, Mason PJ. Association between aplastic anaemia and mutations in telomerase RNA. Lancet. 2002 Jun 22. 359(9324):2168-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Rothbaum R, Perrault J, Vlachos A, Cipolli M, Alter BP, Burroughs S, et al. Shwachman-Diamond syndrome: report from an international conference. J Pediatr. 2002 Aug. 141(2):266-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Dyment DA, O'Donnell-Luria A, Agrawal PB, et al. Alternative genomic diagnoses for individuals with a clinical diagnosis of Dubowitz syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2021 Jan. 185 (1):119-133. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Doherty L, Sheen MR, Vlachos A, Choesmel V, O'Donohue MF, Clinton C, et al. Ribosomal protein genes RPS10 and RPS26 are commonly mutated in Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Am J Hum Genet. 2010 Feb 12. 86(2):222-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

37. Alshaibani A, Dufour C, Risitano A, de Latour R, Aljurf M. Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther. 2020 Nov 10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

38. Zhang J, Yang T. [Meta-analysis of association between organophosphorus pesticides and aplastic anemia]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2015 Sep. 36 (9):1005-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Young NS, Maciejewski JP, Sloand E, Chen G, Zeng W, Risitano A, et al. The relationship of aplastic anemia and PNH. Int J Hematol. 2002 Aug. 76 Suppl 2:168-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Tabata S, Hosoi H, Murata S, Takeda S, Mushino T, Sonoki T. Severe aplastic anemia after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination: Causality or coincidence?. J Autoimmun. 2022 Jan. 126:102782. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

41. Röth A, Bertram S, Schroeder T, Haverkamp T, Voigt S, Holtkamp C, et al. Acquired aplastic anemia following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Eur J Haematol. 2022 Aug. 109 (2):186-194. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

42. Ritz C, Meng W, Stanley NL, Baroja ML, Xu C, Yan P, et al. Postvaccination graft dysfunction/aplastic anemia relapse with massive clonal expansion of autologous CD8+ lymphocytes. Blood Adv. 2020 Apr 14. 4 (7):1378-1382. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

43. Kaufman DW, Kelly JP, Levy M, Shapiro S. The Drug Etiology of Agranulocytosis and Aplastic Anemia. New York: Oxford University Press; 1991.

44. Issaragrisil S, Sriratanasatavorn C, Piankijagum A, Vannasaeng S, Porapakkham Y, Leaverton PE, et al. Incidence of aplastic anemia in Bangkok. The Aplastic Anemia Study Group. Blood. 1991 May 15. 77(10):2166-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Ahmed P, Chaudhry QUN, Satti TM, Mahmood SK, Ghafoor T, Shahbaz N, et al. Epidemiology of aplastic anemia: a study of 1324 cases. Hematology. 2020 Dec. 25 (1):48-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Young NS, Shimamura A. Acquired bone marrow failure syndromes. Handen RI, Lux SE, Stossel TP,. Blood: Principles & Practice of Hematology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003. 297.

47. Solimando AG, Palumbo C, Pragnell MV, Bittrich M, Argentiero A, Krebs M. Aplastic Anemia as a Roadmap for Bone Marrow Failure: An Overview and a Clinical Workflow. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Oct 4. 23 (19):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

48. Locasciulli A, Oneto R, Bacigalupo A, Socié G, Korthof E, Bekassy A, et al. Outcome of patients with acquired aplastic anemia given first line bone marrow transplantation or immunosuppressive treatment in the last decade: a report from the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). Haematologica. 2007 Jan. 92(1):11-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Gadalla SM, Wang T, Haagenson M, Spellman SR, Lee SJ, Williams KM, et al. Association between donor leukocyte telomere length and survival after unrelated allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for severe aplastic anemia. JAMA. 2015 Feb 10. 313 (6):594-602. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

50. Sakaguchi H, Nishio N, Hama A, Kawashima N, Wang X, Narita A, et al. Peripheral blood lymphocyte telomere length as a predictor of response to immunosuppressive therapy in childhood aplastic anemia. Haematologica. 2014 Aug. 99 (8):1312-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

51. Chan KW, McDonald L, Lim D, Grimley MS, Grayson G, Wall DA. Unrelated cord blood transplantation in children with idiopathic severe aplastic anemia. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2008 Nov. 42(9):589-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Bunin N, Aplenc R, Iannone R, Leahey A, Grupp S, Monos D, et al. Unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation for children with severe aplastic anemia: minimal GVHD and durable engraftment with partial T cell depletion. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2005 Feb. 35(4):369-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Kang HJ, Shin HY, Choi HS, Ahn HS. Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide plus thymoglobulin conditioning regimen for unrelated bone marrow transplantation in severe aplastic anemia. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2004 Dec. 34(11):939-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Brodsky RA, Sensenbrenner LL, Smith BD, Dorr D, Seaman PJ, Lee SM, et al. Durable treatment-free remission after high-dose cyclophosphamide therapy for previously untreated severe aplastic anemia. Ann Intern Med. 2001 Oct 2. 135(7):477-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Horowitz MM. Current status of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in acquired aplastic anemia. Semin Hematol. 2000 Jan. 37(1):30-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Kaito K, Kobayashi M, Katayama T, Masuoka H, Shimada T, Nishiwaki K, et al. Long-term administration of G-CSF for aplastic anaemia is closely related to the early evolution of monosomy 7 MDS in adults. Br J Haematol. 1998 Nov. 103(2):297-303. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Piaggio G, Podestà M, Pitto A, Sessarego M, Figari O, Fugazza G, et al. Coexistence of normal and clonal haemopoiesis in aplastic anaemia patients treated with immunosuppressive therapy. Br J Haematol. 1999 Dec. 107(3):505-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Rosti V. The molecular basis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Haematologica. 2000 Jan. 85(1):82-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Orazi A, Czader MB. Myelodysplastic syndromes. Am J Clin Pathol. 2009 Aug. 132(2):290-305. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Kulasekararaj AG, Jiang J, Smith AE, Mohamedali AM, Mian S, Gandhi S, et al. Somatic mutations identify a sub-group of aplastic anemia patients that progress to myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood. 2014 Aug 18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Arai Y, Kondo T, Yamazaki H, Takenaka K, Sugita J, Kobayashi T, et al. Allogeneic unrelated bone marrow transplantation from older donors results in worse prognosis in recipients with aplastic anemia. Haematologica. 2016 Feb 8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Vajdic CM, Mayson E, Dodds AJ, O'Brien T, Wilcox L, Nivison-Smith I, et al. Second cancer risk and late mortality in adult Australians receiving allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A population-based cohort study. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2016 Feb 6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Groarke EM, Patel BA, Shalhoub R, Gutierrez-Rodrigues F, Desai P, Leuva H, et al. Predictors of clonal evolution and myeloid neoplasia following immunosuppressive therapy in severe aplastic anemia. Leukemia. 2022 Sep. 36 (9):2328-2337. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

64. Devalet B, Mullier F, Chatelain B, Dogné JM, Chatelain C. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: a review. Eur J Haematol. 2015 Sep. 95 (3):190-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Brodsky RA, Mukhina GL, Li S, Nelson KL, Chiurazzi PL, Buckley JT, et al. Improved detection and characterization of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria using fluorescent aerolysin. Am J Clin Pathol. 2000 Sep. 114(3):459-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Krauss JS. The laboratory diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH): update 2010. Lab Medicine. 2012. 43:20-4. [Full Text].

67. Kulasekararaj AG, Jiang J, Smith AE, Mohamedali AM, Mian S, Gandhi S, et al. Somatic mutations identify a subgroup of aplastic anemia patients who progress to myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood. 2014 Oct 23. 124 (17):2698-https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/25139356/. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Hosokawa K, Kajigaya S, Feng X, Desierto MJ, Fernandez Ibanez MD, Rios O, et al. A plasma microRNA signature as a biomarker for acquired aplastic anemia. Haematologica. 2017 Jan. 102 (1):69-78. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

69. Fang J, Lin L, Wang Y, Lin D, Liu C, Sunlong Q, et al. Regulatory T cells and CD20⁺ B cells in pediatric very severe aplastic anemia: possible clinical markers for evaluating the therapeutic efficacy and prognosis. Hematology. 2018 Jul 11. 1-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

70. Brodsky RA. Acquired Aplastic Anemia. Greer JP, Arber DA, Glader B, List AF, Means RT Jr, Paraskevas F, Rodgers GM, eds. Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology. 13th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014. 965-74.

71. Matcuk GR Jr, Siddiqi I, Cen S, Hagiya A, Isaacson R, Brynes R. Bone marrow cellularity MRI calculation and correlation with bone marrow biopsy. Clin Imaging. 2016 May-Jun. 40 (3):392-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Camitta BM, Thomas ED, Nathan DG, Gale RP, Kopecky KJ, Rappeport JM, et al. A prospective study of androgens and bone marrow transplantation for treatment of severe aplastic anemia. Blood. 1979 Mar. 53(3):504-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Valdez JM, Scheinberg P, Young NS, Walsh TJ. Infections in patients with aplastic anemia. Semin Hematol. 2009 Jul. 46(3):269-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Jancel T, Penzak SR. Antiviral therapy in patients with hematologic malignancies, transplantation, and aplastic anemia. Semin Hematol. 2009 Jul. 46(3):230-47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Pournaras S, Iosifidis E, Roilides E. Advances in antibacterial therapy against emerging bacterial pathogens. Semin Hematol. 2009 Jul. 46(3):198-211. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Di Bona E, Rodeghiero F, Bruno B, Gabbas A, Foa P, Locasciulli A, et al. Rabbit antithymocyte globulin (r-ATG) plus cyclosporine and granulocyte colony stimulating factor is an effective treatment for aplastic anaemia patients unresponsive to a first course of intensive immunosuppressive therapy. Gruppo Italiano Trapianto di Midollo Osseo (GITMO). Br J Haematol. 1999 Nov. 107(2):330-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Bacigalupo A, Broccia G, Corda G, Arcese W, Carotenuto M, Gallamini A, et al. Antilymphocyte globulin, cyclosporin, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with acquired severe aplastic anemia (SAA): a pilot study of the EBMT SAA Working Party. Blood. 1995 Mar 1. 85(5):1348-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Dufour C, Ferretti E, Bagnasco F, Burlando O, Lanciotti M, Ramenghi U, et al. Changes in cytokine profile pre- and post-immunosuppression in acquired aplastic anemia. Haematologica. 2009 Dec. 94(12):1743-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

79. Schrezenmeier H, Passweg JR, Marsh JC, Bacigalupo A, Bredeson CN, Bullorsky E, et al. Worse outcome and more chronic GVHD with peripheral blood progenitor cells than bone marrow in HLA-matched sibling donor transplants for young patients with severe acquired aplastic anemia. Blood. 2007 Aug 15. 110(4):1397-400. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

80. Kumar R, Kimura F, Ahn KW, Hu ZH, Kuwatsuka Y, et al. Comparing Outcomes with Bone Marrow or Peripheral Blood Stem Cells as Graft Source for Matched Sibling Transplants in Severe Aplastic Anemia across Different Economic Regions. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2016 Jan 18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Locatelli F, Bruno B, Zecca M, Van-Lint MT, McCann S, Arcese W, et al. Cyclosporin A and short-term methotrexate versus cyclosporin A as graft versus host disease prophylaxis in patients with severe aplastic anemia given allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from an HLA-identical sibling: results of a GITMO/EBMT randomized trial. Blood. 2000 Sep 1. 96(5):1690-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. George B, Mathews V, Viswabandya A, Kavitha ML, Srivastava A, Chandy M. Fludarabine and cyclophosphamide based reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens reduce rejection and improve outcome in Indian patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation for severe aplastic anemia. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2007 Jul. 40(1):13-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

83. Anderlini P, Wu J, Gersten I, Ewell M, Tolar J, Antin JH, et al. Cyclophosphamide conditioning in patients with severe aplastic anaemia given unrelated marrow transplantation: a phase 1-2 dose de-escalation study. Lancet Haematol. 2015 Sep. 2 (9):e367-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Kekre N, Zhang Y, Zhang MJ, Carreras J, Ahmed P, Anderlini P, et al. Effect of antithymocyte globulin source on outcomes of bone marrow transplantation for severe aplastic anemia. Haematologica. 2017 Mar 24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

85. Maury S, Balère-Appert ML, Chir Z, Boiron JM, Galambrun C, Yakouben K, et al. Unrelated stem cell transplantation for severe acquired aplastic anemia: improved outcome in the era of high-resolution HLA matching between donor and recipient. Haematologica. 2007 May. 92(5):589-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Yagasaki H, Takahashi Y, Hama A, et al. Comparison of matched-sibling donor BMT and unrelated donor BMT in children and adolescent with acquired severe aplastic anemia. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2010 Oct. 45(10):1508-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Tolar J, Deeg HJ, Arai S, Horwitz M, Antin JH, McCarty JM, et al. Fludarabine-based conditioning for marrow transplantation from unrelated donors in severe aplastic anemia: early results of a cyclophosphamide dose deescalation study show life-threatening adverse events at predefined cyclophosphamide dose levels. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2012 Jul. 18(7):1007-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Sheth VS, Potter V, Gandhi SA, Kulasekararaj AG, de Lavallade H, Muus P, et al. Similar outcomes of alemtuzumab-based hematopoietic cell transplantation for SAA patients older or younger than 50 years. Blood Adv. 2019 Oct 22. 3 (20):3070-3079. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

89. Hamad N, Del Bel R, Messner HA, Kim D, Kuruvilla J, Lipton JH, et al. Outcomes of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in Adult Patients with Acquired Aplastic Anemia Using Intermediate-Dose Alemtuzumab-Based Conditioning. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2014 Jul 10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. Samarasinghe S, Steward C, Hiwarkar P, Saif MA, Hough R, Webb D, et al. Excellent outcome of matched unrelated donor transplantation in paediatric aplastic anaemia following failure with immunosuppressive therapy: a United Kingdom multicentre retrospective experience. Br J Haematol. 2012 May. 157(3):339-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. Clay J, Kulasekararaj AG, Potter V, Grimaldi F, McLornan D, Raj K, et al. Nonmyeloablative Peripheral Blood Haploidentical Stem Cell Transplantation for Refractory Severe Aplastic Anemia. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2014 Jul 10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. ElGohary G, El Fakih R, de Latour R, Risitano A, Marsh J, Schrezenmeier H, et al. Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in aplastic anemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical outcome on behalf of the severe aplastic anemia working party of the European group for blood and marrow transplantation (SAAWP of EBMT). Bone Marrow Transplant. 2020 Oct. 55 (10):1906-1917. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Du S, He W, Yang Y, Gao X, Ding J. Unrelated cord blood transplantation for severe aplastic anemia using intensified immunoablative conditioning regimen leading to high engraftment and survival. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2020 Aug. 55 (8):1677-1680. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

94. Peffault de Latour R, et al; Francophone Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy. Unrelated cord blood transplantation in patients with idiopathic refractory severe aplastic anemia: a nationwide phase 2 study. Blood. 2018 Aug 16. 132 (7):750-754. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

95. Schrezenmeier H, Korper S, Hochsmann B. Standard first-line immunosuppression for acquired severe aplastic anemia in adults. Curr Drug Targets. 2015 Jun 30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Bacigalupo A. How I treat acquired aplastic anemia. Blood. 2017 Mar 16. 129 (11):1428-1436. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

97. Tichelli A, de Latour RP, Passweg J, Knol-Bout C, Socié G, Marsh J, et al. Long-term outcome of a randomized controlled study in patients with newly diagnosed severe aplastic anemia treated with antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine, with or without granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: a Severe Aplastic Anemia Working Party Trial from the European Group of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Haematologica. 2020 May. 105 (5):1223-1231. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

98. Scheinberg P, Nunez O, Weinstein B, et al. Horse versus rabbit antithymocyte globulin in acquired aplastic anemia. N Engl J Med. 2011 Aug 4. 365(5):430-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Hayakawa J, Kanda J, Akahoshi Y, Harada N, Kameda K, Ugai T, et al. Meta-analysis of treatment with rabbit and horse antithymocyte globulin for aplastic anemia. Int J Hematol. 2017 Jan 11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

100. Bacigalupo A, Oneto R, Schrezenmeier H, Hochsmann B, Dufour C, Kojima S, et al. First line treatment of aplastic anemia with thymoglobuline in Europe and Asia: Outcome of 955 patients treated 2001-2012. Am J Hematol. 2018 May. 93 (5):643-648. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

101. Maschan A, Bogatcheva N, Kryjanovskii O, Shneider M, Litvinov D, Mitiushkina T, et al. Results at a single centre of immunosuppression with cyclosporine A in 66 children with aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol. 1999 Sep. 106(4):967-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

102. Mandal PK, Baul S, Dolai TK, De R, Chakrabarti P. Outcome of Cyclosporine Monotherapy in Patients of Aplastic Anemia: Experience of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern India. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus. 2017 Mar. 33 (1):144-147. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

103. Doney K, Dahlberg SJ, Monroe D, Storb R, Buckner CD, Thomas ED. Therapy of severe aplastic anemia with anti-human thymocyte globulin and androgens: the effect of HLA-haploidentical marrow infusion. Blood. 1984 Feb. 63(2):342-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

104. Marsh JC, Hows JM, Bryett KA, Al-Hashimi S, Fairhead SM, Gordon-Smith EC. Survival after antilymphocyte globulin therapy for aplastic anemia depends on disease severity. Blood. 1987 Oct. 70(4):1046-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

105. Means RT Jr, Krantz SB, Dessypris EN, Lukens JN, Niblack GD, Greer JP, et al. Re-treatment of aplastic anemia with antithymocyte globulin or antilymphocyte serum. Am J Med. 1988 Apr. 84(4):678-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

106. Schrezenmeier H, Marin P, Raghavachar A, McCann S, Hows J, Gluckman E, et al. Relapse of aplastic anaemia after immunosuppressive treatment: a report from the European Bone Marrow Transplantation Group SAA Working Party. Br J Haematol. 1993 Oct. 85(2):371-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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Sameer Bakhshi, MD Professor, Department of Medical Oncology, Dr BRA Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Emmanuel C Besa, MD Professor Emeritus, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University

Emmanuel C Besa, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Education, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American College of Clinical Pharmacology, American Federation for Medical Research, American Society of Hematology, New York Academy of Sciences

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Esteban Abella, MD Consulting Staff, Arizona Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, PLLC

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David Aboulafia, MD Medical Director, Bailey-Boushay House, Clinical Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Attending Physician, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Virginia Mason Clinic; Investigator, Virginia Mason Community Clinic Oncology Program/SWOG

David Aboulafia, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Medical Directors Association, American Society of Hematology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Roy Baynes, MB, BCh, PhD, FACP Charles Martin Professor of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

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