Nabhan C, Rosen ST. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a clinical review. JAMA. 2014 Dec 3. 312 (21):2265-76. [Medline].
PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treatment (PDQ®): Health Professional Version. PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; January 22, 2020. [Full Text].
Klepfish A, Gilles L, Ioannis K, Eliezer R, Ami S. Enhancing the action of rituximab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia by adding fresh frozen plasma: complement/rituximab interactions & clinical results in refractory CLL. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009 Sep. 1173:865-73. [Medline].
Badoux XC, Keating MJ, Wang X, et al. Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab chemoimmunotherapy is highly effective treatment for relapsed patients with CLL. Blood. 2011 Jan 18. [Medline].
Zenz T, Benner A, Duhrsen U, Durig J, Dohner H, Siffert W, et al. BCL2-938C>A polymorphism and disease progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2009 Sep 11. 1-6. [Medline].
Nicoloso MS, Kipps TJ, Croce CM, Calin GA. MicroRNAs in the pathogeny of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2007 Dec. 139(5):709-16. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Hanlon K, Rudin CE, Harries LW. Investigating the targets of MIR-15a and MIR-16-1 in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). PLoS One. 2009 Sep 25. 4(9):e7169. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Fabbri M, Bottoni A, Shimizu M, et al. Association of a microRNA/TP53 feedback circuitry with pathogenesis and outcome of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. JAMA. 2011 Jan 5. 305(1):59-67. [Medline].
Wang L, Lawrence MS, Wan Y, et al. SF3B1 and other novel cancer genes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2011 Dec 29. 365(26):2497-506. [Medline].
Slager SL, Kay NE. Familial Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: What Does it Mean to Me?. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma. 2009 Sep 1. 9:S194-S197. [Medline].
Berndt SI, Camp NJ, Skibola CF, Vijai J, Wang Z, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies discovers multiple loci for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Nat Commun. 2016 Mar 9. 7:10933. [Medline].
Cancer Facts & Figures 2020. American Cancer Society. Available at hhttps://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2020/cancer-facts-and-figures-2020.pdf. Accessed: February 7, 2020.
Rai KR, Barrientos JC. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Bast RC Jr, Croce CM, Hait WN, et al, eds. Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. 9th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2017. 1595-1604.
Kristinsson SY, Dickman PW, Wilson WH, et al. Improved survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the past decade: a population-based study including 11,179 patients diagnosed between 1973-2003 in Sweden. Haematologica. 2009 Sep. 94(9):1259-65. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Condoluci A, Terzi di Bergamo L, Langerbeins P, et al. International Prognostic Score for Asymptomatic Early-stage Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Blood. 2020 Apr 8. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Maurer MJ, Cerhan JR, Katzmann JA, et al. Monoclonal and polyclonal serum free light chains and clinical outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2011 Sep 8. 118(10):2821-6. [Medline]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia updating the National Cancer Institute-Working Group 1996 guidelines. Blood. 2008 Jun 15. 111(12):5446-56. [Medline].
Bouley J, Deriano L, Delic J, Merle-Béral H. New molecular markers in resistant B-CLL. Leuk Lymphoma. 2006 May. 47(5):791-801. [Medline].
[Guideline] National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/ Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma. NCCN. Available at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/cll.pdf. Version 4.2020 — December 20, 2019; Accessed: August 22, 2020.
Parikh SA, Strati P, Tsang M, West CP, Shanafelt TD. Should IGHV status and FISH testing be performed in all CLL patients at diagnosis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood. 2016 Feb 3. 39 (8A):935-7. [Medline].
Hillmen P, Skotnicki AB, Robak T, et al. Alemtuzumab compared with chlorambucil as first-line therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Dec 10. 25(35):5616-23. [Medline].
Montillo M, Tedeschi A, Miqueleiz S, et al. Alemtuzumab as consolidation after a response to fludarabine is effective in purging residual disease in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2006 May 20. 24(15):2337-42. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Moreton P, Kennedy B, Lucas G, et al. Eradication of minimal residual disease in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia after alemtuzumab therapy is associated with prolonged survival. J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 1. 23(13):2971-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Visone R, Veronese A, Rassenti LZ, et al. miR-181b is a biomarker of disease progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2011 Sep 15. 118(11):3072-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Rai KR, Sawitsky A, Cronkite EP, et al. Clinical staging of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1975 Aug. 46(2):219-34. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Bosch F, Ferrer A, Villamor N, et al. Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and mitoxantrone as initial therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: high response rate and disease eradication. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Jan 1. 14(1):155-61. [Medline].
Byrd JC, Gribben JG, Peterson BL, et al. Select high-risk genetic features predict earlier progression following chemoimmunotherapy with fludarabine and rituximab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: justification for risk-adapted therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jan 20. 24(3):437-43. [Medline].
Wierda WG, O'Brien S, Wang X, et al. Multivariable model for time to first treatment in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Nov 1. 29(31):4088-95. [Medline].
Robak T, Jamroziak K, Gora-Tybor J, et al. Comparison of cladribine plus cyclophosphamide with fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide as first-line therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a phase III randomized study by the Polish Adult Leukemia Group (PALG-CLL3 Study). J Clin Oncol. 2010 Apr 10. 28(11):1863-9. [Medline].
Fischer K, Cramer P, Busch R, et al. Bendamustine combined with rituximab in patients with relapsed and/or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a multicenter phase II trial of the German Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Sep 10. 29(26):3559-66. [Medline].
Castellino AM. 'Possibility of Cure' for Some Patients With CLL. Medscape Medical News. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/918027. September 10, 2019; Accessed: September 13, 2019.
Knauf WU, Lissitchkov T, Aldaoud A, Liberati AM, Loscertales J, Herbrecht R, et al. Bendamustine compared with chlorambucil in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: updated results of a randomized phase III trial. Br J Haematol. 2012 Oct. 159(1):67-77. [Medline].
Nabhan C, Coutré S, Hillmen P. Minimal residual disease in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: is it ready for primetime?. Br J Haematol. 2007 Feb. 136(3):379-92. [Medline].
Sayala HA, Rawstron AC, Hillmen P. Minimal residual disease assessment in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2007 Sep. 20(3):499-512. [Medline].
Parikh SA, Keating MJ, O'Brien S, et al. Frontline chemoimmunotherapy with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, alemtuzumab, and rituximab for high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2011 Aug 25. 118(8):2062-8. [Medline].
Badoux XC, Keating MJ, Wang X, et al. Cyclophosphamide, fludarabine, alemtuzumab, and rituximab as salvage therapy for heavily pretreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2011 Aug 25. 118(8):2085-93. [Medline].
Skoetz N, Bauer K, Elter T, Monsef I, Roloff V, Hallek M, et al. Alemtuzumab for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Feb 15. CD008078. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Awan FT, Hillmen P, Hellmann A, Robak T, Hughes SG, Trone D, et al. A randomized, open-label, multicentre, phase 2/3 study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of lumiliximab in combination with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab versus fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab alone in subjects with relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2014 Nov. 167 (4):466-77. [Medline].
Lemery SJ, Zhang J, Rothmann MD, Yang J, Earp J, Zhao H. U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval: ofatumumab for the treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia refractory to fludarabine and alemtuzumab. Clin Cancer Res. 2010 Sep 1. 16(17):4331-8. [Medline].
Nelson R. FDA Grants Full Approval to Ofatumumab (Arzerra) for CLL. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/823837. Accessed: March 10, 2016.
Furman RR, Sharman JP, Coutre SE, Cheson BD, Pagel JM, Hillmen P, et al. Idelalisib and rituximab in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2014 Mar 13. 370(11):997-1007. [Medline]. [Full Text].
van Oers MH, Kuliczkowski K, Smolej L, Petrini M, Offner F, Grosicki S, et al. Ofatumumab maintenance versus observation in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (PROLONG): an open-label, multicentre, randomised phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2015 Oct. 16 (13):1370-9. [Medline].
Robak, T, Warzocha, K, Babu, KG, et al. Health-Related Quality of Life and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Patients Receiving Ofatumumab in Combination with Fludarabine and Cyclophosphamide (FC) Versus FC Alone in the Complement 2 Trial. Blood. 2015. 126(23):5288. [Full Text].
Goede V, Fischer K, Busch R, et al. Obinutuzumab plus chlorambucil in patients with CLL and coexisting conditions. N Engl J Med. 2014 Mar 20. 370 (12):1101-10. [Medline]. [Full Text].
McCall B. Obinutuzumab Active in Elderly Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Medscape Medical News from the 18th Congress of the European Hematology Association (EHA). Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/806700. June 21, 2013; Accessed: October 21, 2019.
Flinn IW, Hillmen P, Montillo M, Nagy Z, Illés Á, Etienne G, et al. The phase 3 DUO trial: duvelisib vs ofatumumab in relapsed and refractory CLL/SLL. Blood. 2018 Dec 6. 132 (23):2446-2455. [Medline].
Mougalian SS, O'Brien S. Adverse prognostic features in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncology (Williston Park). 2011 Jul. 25(8):692-6, 699. [Medline].
Woyach JA, Ruppert AS, Heerema NA, Peterson BL, Gribben JG, Morrison VA, et al. Chemoimmunotherapy With Fludarabine and Rituximab Produces Extended Overall Survival and Progression-Free Survival in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Long-Term Follow-Up of CALGB Study 9712. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Apr 1. 29(10):1349-55. [Medline].
Robak T, Dmoszynska A, Solal-Celigny P, et al. Rituximab plus fludarabine and cyclophosphamide prolongs progression-free survival compared with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide alone in previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Apr 1. 28(10):1756-65. [Medline].
Hallek M, Fischer K, Fingerle-Rowson G, et al. Addition of rituximab to fludarabine and cyclophosphamide in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2010 Oct 2. 376(9747):1164-74. [Medline].
Elter T, Gercheva-Kyuchukova L, Pylylpenko H, Robak T, Jaksic B, Rekhtman G, et al. Fludarabine plus alemtuzumab versus fludarabine alone in patients with previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011 Dec. 12 (13):1204-13. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Nelson R. New Drug Combo Potentially 'Practice Changing' in CLL. Medscape [serial online]. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/817454. Accessed: December 16, 2013.
Byrd JC, Furman RR, Coutre SE, Flinn IW, Burger JA, Blum KA, et al. Targeting BTK with ibrutinib in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jul 4. 369(1):32-42. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Chustecka Z. Ibrutinib in CLL: indication expanded, benefit confirmed. July 28, 2014. [Full Text].
Byrd JC, Brown JR, O'Brien S, Barrientos JC, Kay NE, Reddy NM, et al. Ibrutinib versus ofatumumab in previously treated chronic lymphoid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jul 17. 371 (3):213-23. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Burger JA, Tedeschi A, Barr PM, Robak T, Owen C, Ghia P, et al. Ibrutinib as Initial Therapy for Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2015 Dec 17. 373 (25):2425-37. [Medline].
Dickerson T, Wiczer T, Waller A, Philippon J, Porter K, Haddad D, et al. Hypertension and Incident Cardiovascular Events Following Ibrutinib Initiation. Blood. 2019 Oct 3. 118 (8):2062-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Salem JE, Manouchehri A, Bretagne M, Lebrun-Vignes B, Groarke JD, Johnson DB, et al. Cardiovascular Toxicities Associated With Ibrutinib. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Oct 1. 74 (13):1667-1678. [Medline].
Burger JA. Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 30. 383 (5):460-473. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Puła B, Gołos A, Górniak P, Jamroziak K. Overcoming Ibrutinib Resistance in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel). 2019 Nov 21. 11 (12):[Medline]. [Full Text].
Project Orbis: FDA approves acalabrutinib for CLL and SLL. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/project-orbis-fda-approves-acalabrutinib-cll-and-sll. November 21, 2019; Accessed: June 3, 2020.
Chustecka Z. Idelalisib (Zydelig) approved for CLL and lymphoma. Medscape Medical News. July 23, 2014. [Full Text].
FDA news release: FDA approves Zydelig for three types of blood cancers. US Food and Drug Administration. July 23, 2014. Available at http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm406387.htm.
Venclexta (venetoclax) [package insert]. North Chicago, IL: AbbVie, Inc. May 2019. Available at [Full Text].
González-Rodríguez AP, Payer AR, Acebes-Huerta A, Huergo-Zapico L, Villa-Alvarez M, Gonzalez-García E, et al. Lenalidomide and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Biomed Res Int. 2013. 2013:932010. [Medline]. [Full Text].
FDA approves venetoclax for CLL and SLL. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-venetoclax-cll-and-sll. May 15, 2019; Accessed: September 13, 2019.
Jain N, Keating M, Thompson P, et al. Ibrutinib and Venetoclax for First-Line Treatment of CLL. N Engl J Med. 2019 May 30. 380 (22):2095-2103. [Medline].
Seymour JF, Kipps TJ, Eichhorst B, Hillmen P, D'Rozario J, Assouline S, et al. Venetoclax-Rituximab in Relapsed or Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2018 Mar 22. 378 (12):1107-1120. [Medline].
Kater AP, Seymour JF, Hillmen P, Eichhorst B, Langerak AW, Owen C, et al. Fixed Duration of Venetoclax-Rituximab in Relapsed/Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Eradicates Minimal Residual Disease and Prolongs Survival: Post-Treatment Follow-Up of the MURANO Phase III Study. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Feb 1. 37 (4):269-277. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Feins S, Kong W, Williams EF, Milone MC, Fraietta JA. An introduction to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapy for human cancer. Am J Hematol. 2019 May. 94 (S1):S3-S9. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Gauthier J, Hirayama AV, Purushe J, Hay KA, Lymp J, Li DH, et al. Feasibility and efficacy of CD19-targeted CAR T cells with concurrent ibrutinib for CLL after ibrutinib failure. Blood. 2020 May 7. 135 (19):1650-1660. [Medline].
Eichhorst BF, Busch R, Stilgenbauer S, et al. First-line therapy with fludarabine compared with chlorambucil does not result in a major benefit for elderly patients with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2009 Oct 15. 114(16):3382-91. [Medline].
Laurenti L, Innocenti I, Autore F, et al. Chlorambucil plus rituximab as front-line therapy for elderly and/or unfit chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients: correlation with biologically-based risk stratification. Haematologica. 2017 Sep. 102 (9):e352-e355. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Woyach JA, Ruppert AS, Rai K, Lin TS, Geyer S, Kolitz J, et al. Impact of Age on Outcomes After Initial Therapy With Chemotherapy and Different Chemoimmunotherapy Regimens in Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Results of Sequential Cancer and Leukemia Group B Studies. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Dec 10. [Medline].
Gribben JG, Hosing C, Maloney DG. Stem cell transplantation for indolent lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2011 Jan. 17(1 Suppl):S63-70. [Medline].
Michallet M, Dreger P, Sutton L, et al. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: results of European intergroup randomized trial comparing autografting versus observation. Blood. 2011 Feb 3. 117(5):1516-1521. [Medline].
Hodgson K, Ferrer G, Montserrat E, Moreno C. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and autoimmunity: a systematic review. Haematologica. 2011 May. 96(5):752-61. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Raanani P, Gafter-Gvili A, Paul M, Ben-Bassat I, Leibovici L, Shpilberg O. Immunoglobulin prophylaxis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Leuk Lymphoma. 2009 May. 50(5):764-72. [Medline].
Koehrer S, Keating MJ, Wierda WG. Eltrombopag, a second-generation thrombopoietin receptor agonist, for chronic lymphocytic leukemia-associated ITP. Leukemia. 2010 May. 24(5):1096-8. [Medline].
Borthakur G, O'Brien S, Wierda WG, et al. Immune anaemias in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treated with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab--incidence and predictors. Br J Haematol. 2007 Mar. 136(6):800-5. [Medline].
Moulin B, Ronco PM, Mougenot B, Francois A, Fillastre JP, Mignon F. Glomerulonephritis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and related B-cell lymphomas. Kidney Int. 1992 Jul. 42(1):127-35. [Medline].
[Guideline] Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, Ghia P, Hillmen P, Hallek M, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015 Sep. 26 Suppl 5:v78-84. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Abbott BL. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. Oncologist. 2006 Jan. 11(1):21-30. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Chustecka Z. Ibrutinib (Imbruvica) Approved for CLL in US. Medscape [serial online]. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/820537. Accessed: February 19, 2014.
Nelson R. FDA Gives Arzerra Breakthrough Therapy Designation for CLL. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/811307. Accessed: September 24, 2013.
Shanafelt T, Lanasa MC, Call TG, et al. Ofatumumab-based chemoimmunotherapy is effective and well tolerated in patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Cancer. 2013 Aug 6. [Medline].
Hillmen P, Rawstron AC, Brock K, Muñoz-Vicente S, Yates FJ, Bishop R, et al. Ibrutinib Plus Venetoclax in Relapsed/Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: The CLARITY Study. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Jul 11. JCO1900894. [Medline].