Trigger Point Injection Questions & Answers

1. Alvarez DJ, Rockwell PG. Trigger points: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 2002 Feb 15. 65 (4):653-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Rachlin ES, Rachlin I. Myofascial Pain and Fibromyalgia: Trigger Point Management. 2nd ed. St Louis: Mosby; 2002.

3. Tough EA, White AR, Cummings TM, Richards SH, Campbell JL. Acupuncture and dry needling in the management of myofascial trigger point pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Pain. 2009 Jan. 13 (1):3-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Kietrys DM, Palombaro KM, Azzaretto E, Hubler R, Schaller B, Schlussel JM, et al. Effectiveness of dry needling for upper-quarter myofascial pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2013 Sep. 43 (9):620-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Donnelly JM, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Finnegan M, Freeman JL, eds. Travell, Simons & Simons' Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2019.

6. Ge HY, Nie H, Madeleine P, Danneskiold-Samsøe B, Graven-Nielsen T, Arendt-Nielsen L. Contribution of the local and referred pain from active myofascial trigger points in fibromyalgia syndrome. Pain. 2009 Dec 15. 147 (1-3):233-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Lucas N, Macaskill P, Irwig L, Moran R, Bogduk N. Reliability of physical examination for diagnosis of myofascial trigger points: a systematic review of the literature. Clin J Pain. 2009 Jan. 25 (1):80-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Tough EA, White AR, Richards SH, Campbell JL. Myofascial trigger point needling for whiplash associated pain--a feasibility study. Man Ther. 2010 Dec. 15 (6):529-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Stephen Kishner, MD, MHA Clinical Professor, Louisiana State University School of Medicine in New Orleans

Stephen Kishner, MD, MHA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Rachel Sue Treuting, DO, MS Assistant Chief Resident Physician, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Louisiana State University School of Medicine in New Orleans

Rachel Sue Treuting, DO, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Erik D Schraga, MD Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mills-Peninsula Emergency Medical Associates

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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