Hatcher RA,Trussell J, Nelson AL, Cates W, Stewart F, Kowal D. Contraceptive Technology. 19. New York, NY: Ardent Media; 2007.
Mosher WD, Jones J. Use of contraception in the United States: 1982-2008. Vital Health Stat 23. 2010 Aug. 1-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Trussell J, Lalla AM, Doan QV, Reyes E, Pinto L, Gricar J. Cost effectiveness of contraceptives in the United States. Contraception. 2009 Jan. 79(1):5-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Peipert JF, Zhao Q, Allsworth JE, Petrosky E, Madden T, Eisenberg D, et al. Continuation and satisfaction of reversible contraception. Obstet Gynecol. 2011 May. 117(5):1105-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Skyla (levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system) [package insert]. Wayne, NJ: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc. January 2013. Available at [Full Text].
Mirena levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system [package insert]. Berlex. 2003. Available at [Full Text].
Barbosa I, Olsson SE, Odlind V, Goncalves T, Coutinho E. Ovarian function after seven years' use of a levonorgestrel IUD. Adv Contracept. 1995 Jun. 11(2):85-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Nilsson CG, Lahteenmaki PL, Luukkainen T. Ovarian function in amenorrheic and menstruating users of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device. Fertil Steril. 1984 Jan. 41(1):52-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rivera R, Yacobson I, Grimes D. The mechanism of action of hormonal contraceptives and intrauterine contraceptive devices. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Nov. 181(5 Pt 1):1263-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Baveja R, Bichille LK, Coyaji KJ, Engineer AD, Gogoi MP, Hazra MN. Randomized clinical trial with intrauterine devices (levonorgestrel intrauterine device (LNG), CuT 380Ag, CuT 220C and CuT 200B). A 36-month study. Indian Council of Medical Research Task Force on IUD. Contraception. 1989 Jan. 39(1):37-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Paragard T380A intrauterine copper contraceptive [package insert]. FEI Products. 2003. Available at [Full Text].
Andersson K, Batar I, Rybo G. Return to fertility after removal of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device and Nova-T. Contraception. 1992 Dec. 46(6):575-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology, Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Work Group. Practice Bulletin No. 186: Long-Acting Reversible Contraception: Implants and Intrauterine Devices. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Nov. 130 (5):e251-e269. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Alnakash AH. Influence of IUD perceptions on method discontinuation. Contraception. 2008 Oct. 78(4):290-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
El-Tagy A, Sakr E, Sokal DC, Issa AH. Safety and acceptability of post-abortal IUD insertion and the importance of counseling. Contraception. 2003 Mar. 67(3):229-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Darney PD, Klaisle CM. Contraception-associated menstrual problems: etiology and management. Dialogues Contracept. 1998 Spring. 5(5):1-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
World Health Organization: Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use. 2009.
U S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010 Jun 18. 59:1-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Farley TM, Rosenberg MJ, Rowe PJ, Chen JH, Meirik O. Intrauterine devices and pelvic inflammatory disease: an international perspective. Lancet. 1992 Mar 28. 339(8796):785-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Beerthuizen RJ. Pelvic inflammatory disease in intrauterine device users. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 1996 Sep. 1(3):237-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mohllajee AP, Curtis KM, Peterson HB. Does insertion and use of an intrauterine device increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease among women with sexually transmitted infection? A systematic review. Contraception. 2006 Feb. 73(2):145-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul 23. 70 (4):1-187. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Vidal F, Paret L, Linet T, Tanguy le Gac Y, Guerby P. [Intrauterine contraception: CNGOF Contraception Guidelines]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil Senol. 2018 Nov 11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ozgun MT, Batukan C, Serin IS, Ozcelik B, Basbug M, Dolanbay M. Surgical management of intra-abdominal mislocated intrauterine devices. Contraception. 2007 Feb. 75(2):96-100. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Verma U, Astudillo-Davalos FE, Gerkowicz SA. Safe and cost-effective ultrasound guided removal of retained intrauterine device: our experience. Contraception. 2015 Feb 21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Swenson C, Royer PA, Turok DK, Jacobson JC, Amaral G, Sanders JN. Removal of the LNG IUD when strings are not visible: a case series. Contraception. 2014 Sep. 90(3):288-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Markovitch O, Klein Z, Gidoni Y, Holzinger M, Beyth Y. Extrauterine mislocated IUD: is surgical removal mandatory?. Contraception. 2002 Aug. 66(2):105-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Heinberg EM, McCoy TW, Pasic R. The perforated intrauterine device: endoscopic retrieval. JSLS. 2008 Jan-Mar. 12(1):97-100. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Haimov-Kochman R, Amsalem H, Adoni A, Lavy Y, Spitz IM. Management of a perforated levonorgestrel-medicated intrauterine device--a pharmacokinetic study: case report. Hum Reprod. 2003 Jun. 18(6):1231-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Adoni A, Ben Chetrit A. The management of intrauterine devices following uterine perforation. Contraception. 1991 Jan. 43(1):77-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rivera R, Chen-Mok M, McMullen S. Analysis of client characteristics that may affect early discontinuation of the TCu-380A IUD. Contraception. 1999 Sep. 60(3):155-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].