Medication

Medication Summary

The goals of pharmacotherapy are to reduce morbidity and to prevent complications in patients with hemolytic anemia. Treatment is specific to the type of hemolytic anemia. For example, corticosteroids are usually the first line of treatment in autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) but are seldom effective in pediatric cold agglutinin disease. Rituximab has been used and can be effective in steroid-resistant AIHA.^{[49, 51]}

Class Summary

Vitamins are essential for normal DNA synthesis and the formation of a number of coenzymes in many metabolic systems.

Folic acid (Folacin-800)

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Folic acid is a cofactor for enzymes involved in production of red blood cells. Administered folic acid replenishes depleted folate stores consumed during chronic hemolysis.

Class Summary

Corticosteroids have anti-inflammatory properties and cause profound and varied metabolic effects. These agents modify the immune response of the body to diverse stimuli.

Glucocorticoids, such as prednisone, are usually the first line of treatment in autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). Consult a hematologist to individualize therapy and determine whether other forms of therapy are indicated in the treatment of AIHA. Taper glucocorticoids very gradually to avoid a relapse of hemolysis.

Prednisone

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Prednisone inhibits phagocytosis of antibody-covered red blood cells. This agent is indicated in some hemolytic disorders such as AIHA.

Class Summary

Iron therapy is contraindicated in most hemolytic anemias. However, iron therapy is indicated for patients with severe intravascular hemolysis in which persistent hemoglobinuria has caused substantial iron loss.

Ferrous sulfate (Feosol, Fer-In-Sol, MyKidz iron 10)

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Ferrous sulfate is the most common and inexpensive form of iron used. Tablets contain 50-60 mg of iron salt. Other ferrous salts are used and may cause less intestinal discomfort because they contain a smaller dose of iron (25-50 mg). Oral solutions of ferrous iron salts are available for use in pediatric populations.

Class Summary

Mitapivat, a first-in-class pyruvate kinase (PK) activator, improves Hb and reduces transfusion burden in patients with hemolytic anemia associated with PK deficiency by targeting the underlying defect.^[6]

Mitapivat (Pyrukynd)

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PK activator that acts by allosterically binding to pyruvate kinase tetramer and increasing PK activity. Red blood cell (RBC) form of pyruvate kinase (PK-R) is mutated in PK deficiency, which leads to reduced adenosine triphosphate, shortened RBC lifespan, and chronic hemolysis. Indicated for treatment of hemolytic anemia in adults with PK deficiency.

Rituximab (Rituximab-abbs, Riabni, Rituxan)

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Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 antigen on the surface of B-lymphocytes. Rituximab binds to CD20 on the cell surface, activating complement-dependent B-cell cytotoxicity; and to human Fc receptors, mediating cell killing through an antibody-dependent cellular toxicity.

Sutimlimab (Enjaymo, Sutimlimab-jome)

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Sutimlimab is a humanized immunoglobulin G (IgG4) monoclonal antibody which targets and inhibits complement. Sutimlimab inhibits the classical complement pathway by specifically binding to the complement protein component 1 subcomponent (C1s), which is a serine protease that cleaves C4. Inhibition of the classical complement pathway at the C1s level prevents deposition of complement opsonins on RBC surfaces, resulting in inhibition of hemolysis in cold agglutinin disease.

Questions

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Media Gallery

Polychromasia.
Spherocytes. One arrow points to a spherocyte; the other, to a normal RBC with central pallor.
Schistocytes (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura).
Peripheral blood smear with sickled cells at 1000X magnification. Image courtesy of Ulrich Woermann, MD.
Supravital stain in hemoglobin H disease reveals Heinz bodies (golf ball appearance).
Hemolytic anemia algorithm.

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Author

Srikanth Nagalla, MD, MS, FACP Chief of Benign Hematology, Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida; Clinical Professor of Medicine, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine

Srikanth Nagalla, MD, MS, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Hematology, Association of Specialty Professors

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Alexion; Alnylam; Kedrion; Sanofi; Dova; Apellis; Pharmacosmos<br/>Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Sobi; Sanofi; Rigel.

Coauthor(s)

Salem Kim, MD, MPH Physician in Hematology/Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida

Salem Kim, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Hematology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Ronald A Sacher, MD, FRCPC, DTM&H Professor Emeritus of Internal Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Emeritus Director, Hoxworth Blood Center, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center

Ronald A Sacher, MD, FRCPC, DTM&H is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Blood Banks, American Clinical and Climatological Association, American Society for Clinical Pathology, American Society of Hematology, College of American Pathologists, International Society of Blood Transfusion, International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Emmanuel C Besa, MD Professor Emeritus, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University

Emmanuel C Besa, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Education, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American College of Clinical Pharmacology, American Federation for Medical Research, American Society of Hematology, New York Academy of Sciences

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Additional Contributors

Paul Schick, MD † Emeritus Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University; Research Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine; Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Lankenau Hospital

Paul Schick, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Hematology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Hemolytic Anemia Medication

Medication Summary

Vitamins

Class Summary

Folic acid (Folacin-800)

Folic acid (Folacin-800)

Corticosteroids

Class Summary

Prednisone

Prednisone

Iron Salts

Class Summary

Ferrous sulfate (Feosol, Fer-In-Sol, MyKidz iron 10)

Ferrous sulfate (Feosol, Fer-In-Sol, MyKidz iron 10)

Pyruvate Kinase-R Activators

Class Summary

Mitapivat (Pyrukynd)

Mitapivat (Pyrukynd)

Monoclonal antibody

Antineoplastics, Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibodies

Rituximab (Rituximab-abbs, Riabni, Rituxan)

Rituximab (Rituximab-abbs, Riabni, Rituxan)

Monoclonal Antibodies

Sutimlimab (Enjaymo, Sutimlimab-jome)

Sutimlimab (Enjaymo, Sutimlimab-jome)

Hemolytic Anemia Medication

Medication Summary

Vitamins

Class Summary

Folic acid (Folacin-800)

Folic acid (Folacin-800)

Corticosteroids

Class Summary

Prednisone

Prednisone

Iron Salts

Class Summary

Ferrous sulfate (Feosol, Fer-In-Sol, MyKidz iron 10)

Ferrous sulfate (Feosol, Fer-In-Sol, MyKidz iron 10)

Pyruvate Kinase-R Activators

Class Summary

Mitapivat (Pyrukynd)

Mitapivat (Pyrukynd)

Monoclonal antibody

Antineoplastics, Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibodies

Rituximab (Rituximab-abbs, Riabni, Rituxan)

Rituximab (Rituximab-abbs, Riabni, Rituxan)

Monoclonal Antibodies

Sutimlimab (Enjaymo, Sutimlimab-jome)

Sutimlimab (Enjaymo, Sutimlimab-jome)

References

Tables

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