Hemolytic Anemia Questions & Answers

1. Shah A. Acquired hemolytic anemia. Indian J Med Sci. 2004 Dec. 58(12):533-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. Haley K. Congenital Hemolytic Anemia. Med Clin North Am. 2017 Mar. 101 (2):361-374. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Coetzer TI. Erythrocyte Membrane Disorders. Kaushansky K, Lichtman MA, Prchal JT, Levi MM, Press OW, Burns LJ, Caligiuri MA, eds. Williams Hematology. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education; 2016. 661-88.

4. Jacobs J, Eichbaum Q. COVID-19 associated with severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Transfusion. 2021 Feb. 61 (2):635-640. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

5. Algassim AA, Elghazaly AA, Alnahdi AS, Mohammed-Rahim OM, Alanazi AG, Aldhuwayhi NA, et al. Prognostic significance of hemoglobin level and autoimmune hemolytic anemia in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Ann Hematol. 2021 Jan. 100 (1):37-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

6. Grace RF, Glenthoej A, Barcellini W, Verhovsek M, Rothman JA, Morado M, et al. Durability of hemoglobin response and reduction in transfusion burden is maintained over time in patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency treated with mitapivat in a long-term extension study. Blood. 2021. 138 (suppl 1):848. [Full Text].

7. Lichtman MA. Hemolytic Anemia Resulting from Infections with Microorganisms. Kaushansky K, Lichtman MA, Prchal JT, Levi MM, Press OW, Burns LJ, Caligiuri MA, eds. Williams Hematology. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Education; 2016. 815-22.

8. Herrmann PC. Erythrocyte Disorders as a Result of Chemical and Physical Agents. Kaushansky K, Lichtman MA, Prchal JT, Levi MM, Press OW, Burns LJ, Caligiuri MA, eds. Williams Hematology. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education; 2016. 809-14.

9. Singh A, Mandal A, Patel A, Mishra S. Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia-A Spectrum of Presentation in Children. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017 Sep. 11 (9):SR01-SR02. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

10. Kong JT, Schmiesing C. Concealed mothball abuse prior to anesthesia: mothballs, inhalants, and their management. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005 Jan. 49(1):113-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Lane DR, Youse JS. Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia secondary to brown recluse spider bite: a review of the literature and discussion of treatment. Cutis. 2004 Dec. 74(6):341-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Packman CH, Leddy JP. Acquired hemolytic anemia due to warm-reacting autoantibodies. Beutler E, Lichtman MA, Coller BS, Kipps TJ, eds. Williams Hematology. 5th ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 1995. 667-84.

13. Gallagher PG. Red cell membrane disorders. Hoffman R, Benz EJ Jr, Silberstein LE, Heslop H, Weitz J, Anastasi J, eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 6th ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 2013. 592-613.

14. Price EA, Schrier SL. Extrinsic nonimmune hemolytic anemias. Hoffman R, Benz EJ Jr, Silberstein LE, Heslop H, Weitz J, Anastasi J, eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 6th ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 2013. 628-38.

15. Jager U, Lechner K. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Hoffman R, Benz EJ Jr, Silberstein LE, Heslop H, Weitz J, Anastasi J, eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 6th ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 2013. 614-17.

16. Berentsen S, Randen U, Tjønnfjord GE. Cold agglutinin-mediated autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2015 Jun. 29 (3):455-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Rink BD, Gonik B, Chmait RH, O'Shaughnessy R. Maternal hemolysis after intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Feb. 121(2 Pt 2 Suppl 1):471-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Renard D, Rosselet A. Drug-induced hemolytic anemia: Pharmacological aspects. Transfus Clin Biol. 2017 Sep. 24 (3):110-114. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Chiao EY, Engels EA, Kramer JR, Pietz K, Henderson L, Giordano TP, et al. Risk of immune thrombocytopenic purpura and autoimmune hemolytic anemia among 120 908 US veterans with hepatitis C virus infection. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Feb 23. 169(4):357-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

20. Zamvar V, McClean P, Odeka E, Richards M, Davison S. Hepatitis E virus infection with nonimmune hemolytic anemia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Feb. 40(2):223-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Rajapakse P, Bakirhan K. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Associated With Human Babesiosis. J Hematol. 2021 Apr. 10 (2):41-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

22. Acharya D, McGiffin DC. Hemolysis after Mitral Valve Repair. J Card Surg. 2013 Jan 13. 1-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Mayer B, Leo A, Herziger A, Houben P, Schemmer P, Salama A. Intravascular immune hemolysis caused by the contrast medium iomeprol. Transfusion. 2013 Jan 24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Naik R. Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2015 Jun. 29 (3):445-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Mayer B, Yürek S, Kiesewetter H, Salama A. Mixed-type autoimmune hemolytic anemia: differential diagnosis and a critical review of reported cases. Transfusion. 2008 Oct. 48(10):2229-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Hill A, Hill QA. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2018 Nov 30. 2018 (1):382-389. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Sanz J, Arriaga F, Montesinos P, Ortí G, Lorenzo I, Cantero S, et al. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in adult patients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2007 May. 39(9):555-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Moreira M, Brás R, Gonçalves D, Alencoão I, Inocêncio G, Rodrigues M, et al. Fetal Splenomegaly: A Review. Ultrasound Q. 2017 Nov 29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. George JN. The thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndromes: overview of pathogenesis (Experience of The Oklahoma TTP-HUS Registry, 1989-2007). Kidney Int Suppl. 2009 Feb. S8-S10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Lechner K, Obermeier HL. Cancer-related microangiopathic hemolytic anemia: clinical and laboratory features in 168 reported cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 2012 Jul. 91 (4):195-205. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Liebman HA, Weitz IC. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia. Med Clin North Am. 2017 Mar. 101 (2):351-359. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Tariq T, Karabon P, Irfan FB, Sieloff EM, Patterson R, Desai AP. National Trends and Outcomes of Nonautoimmune Hemolytic Anemia in Alcoholic Liver Disease: Analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2021 Mar 1. 55 (3):258-262. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Audia S, Bach B, Samson M, Lakomy D, Bour JB, Burlet B, et al. Venous thromboembolic events during warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia. PLoS One. 2018. 13 (11):e0207218. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

34. Seregina EA, Poletaev AV, Bondar EV, Vuimo TA, Ataullakhanov FI, Smetanina NS. The hemostasis system in children with hereditary spherocytosis. Thromb Res. 2019 Feb 5. 176:11-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Quintanilla-Bordás C, Castro-Izaguirre E, Carcelén-Gadea M, Marín M. The first reported case of drug-induced hemolytic anemia caused by dimethyl fumarate in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Transfusion. 2019 Jan 31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Phelan MP, Reineks EZ, Berriochoa JP, Schold JD, Hustey FM, Chamberlin J, et al. Impact of Use of Smaller Volume, Smaller Vacuum Blood Collection Tubes on Hemolysis in Emergency Department Blood Samples. Am J Clin Pathol. 2017 Oct 1. 148 (4):330-335. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Dhingra KK, Jain D, Mandal S, Khurana N, Singh T, Gupta N. Evans syndrome: a study of six cases with review of literature. Hematology. 2008 Dec. 13(6):356-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Garratty G. Immune hemolytic anemia associated with negative routine serology. Semin Hematol. 2005 Jul. 42(3):156-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Kamesaki T, Oyamada T, Omine M, Ozawa K, Kajii E. Cut-off value of red-blood-cell-bound IgG for the diagnosis of Coombs-negative autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Am J Hematol. 2009 Feb. 84(2):98-101. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

40. Kamesaki T, Toyotsuji T, Kajii E. Characterization of direct antiglobulin test-negative autoimmune hemolytic anemia: A study of 154 cases. Am J Hematol. 2013 Feb. 88(2):93-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Moraes ML, Lima LR, Vicentini-Oliveira JC, de Souza AVG, Oliveira ON, Deffune E, et al. Immunosensor for the Diagnostics of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) Based on Immobilization of a Monoclonal Antibody on a Layer of Silk Fibroin. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2019 Jul 1. 19 (7):3772-3776. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Ferrer G, Navarro A, Hodgson K, et al. MicroRNA expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia developing autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013 Jan 29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Berentsen S, Tjønnfjord GE. Diagnosis and treatment of cold agglutinin mediated autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Blood Rev. 2012 May. 26(3):107-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Jubinsky PT, Rashid N. Successful treatment of a patient with mixed warm and cold antibody mediated Evans syndrome and glucose intolerance. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2005 Sep. 45(3):347-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Birgens H, Frederiksen H, Hasselbalch HC, Rasmussen IH, Nielsen OJ, Kjeldsen L, et al. A phase III randomized trial comparing glucocorticoid monotherapy versus glucocorticoid and rituximab in patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Br J Haematol. 2013 Nov. 163 (3):393-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Go RS, Winters JL, Kay NE. How I treat autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Blood. 2017 Jun 1. 129 (22):2971-2979. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Barcellini W, Fattizzo B. How I treat warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Blood. 2021 Mar 11. 137 (10):1283-1294. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Thomas MR, Scully M. How I treat microangiopathic hemolytic anemia in patients with cancer. Blood. 2021 Mar 11. 137 (10):1310-1317. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Dierickx D, Kentos A, Delannoy A. The role of rituximab in adults with warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Blood. 2015 May 21. 125 (21):3223-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

50. Jäger U, Barcellini W, Broome CM, Gertz MA, Hill A, Hill QA, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in adults: Recommendations from the First International Consensus Meeting. Blood Rev. 2020 May. 41:100648. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Reynaud Q, Durieu I, Dutertre M, Ledochowski S, Durupt S, Michallet AS, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in auto-immune hemolytic anemia: A meta-analysis of 21 studies. Autoimmun Rev. 2015 Apr. 14 (4):304-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. McLeod C, Fleeman N, Kirkham J, Bagust A, Boland A, Chu P, et al. Deferasirox for the treatment of iron overload associated with regular blood transfusions (transfusional haemosiderosis) in patients suffering with chronic anaemia: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2009 Jan. 13(1):iii-iv, ix-xi, 1-121. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

53. Burke JR. Low-dose subcutaneous recombinant erythropoietin in children with chronic renal failure. Australian and New Zealand Paediatric Nephrology Association. Pediatr Nephrol. 1995 Oct. 9(5):558-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Arbach O, Funck R, Seibt F, Salama A. Erythropoietin May Improve Anemia in Patients with Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Associated with Reticulocytopenia. Transfus Med Hemother. 2012 Jun. 39(3):221-223. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

55. Schettler V, Wieland E. A case report of darbepoetin treatment in a patient with sickle cell disease and chronic renal failure undergoing regular hemodialysis procedures that induce a dose-dependent extension of blood transfusion intervals. Ther Apher Dial. 2009 Feb. 13(1):80-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Ball AM, Winstead PS. Recombinant human erythropoietin therapy in critically ill Jehovah's Witnesses. Pharmacotherapy. 2008 Nov. 28(11):1383-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Tchernia G, Delhommeau F, Perrotta S, Cynober T, Bader-Meunier B, Nobili B, et al. Recombinant erythropoietin therapy as an alternative to blood transfusions in infants with hereditary spherocytosis. Hematol J. 2000. 1(3):146-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Hosono S, Hosono A, Mugishima H, Nakano Y, Minato M, Okada T, et al. Successful recombinant erythropoietin therapy for a developing anemic newborn with hereditary spherocytosis. Pediatr Int. 2006 Apr. 48(2):178-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Morrison JF, Neufeld EJ, Grace RF. The use of erythropoietin-stimulating agents versus supportive care in newborns with hereditary spherocytosis: a single centre's experience. Eur J Haematol. 2014 Aug. 93(2):161-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

60. Balestracci A, Martin SM, Toledo I, Alvarado C, Wainsztein RE. Early erythropoietin in post-diarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome: a case-control study. Pediatr Nephrol. 2014 Aug 21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Nairz M, Sonnweber T, Schroll A, Theurl I, Weiss G. The pleiotropic effects of erythropoietin in infection and inflammation. Microbes Infect. 2012 Mar. 14(3):238-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

62. Bienvenu AL, Picot S. Cerebral malaria: protection by erythropoietin. Methods Mol Biol. 2013. 982:315-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Hamilton JW, Jones FG, McMullin MF. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Guadalajara--a case of chronic non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia responding to splenectomy and the role of splenectomy in this disorder. Hematology. 2004 Aug. 9(4):307-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Brodsky RA. Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia. NEJM. 2019 Aug 15. 15:647-654. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

Srikanth Nagalla, MD, MS, FACP Chief of Benign Hematology, Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida; Clinical Professor of Medicine, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine

Srikanth Nagalla, MD, MS, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Hematology, Association of Specialty Professors

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Alexion; Alnylam; Kedrion; Sanofi; Dova; Apellis; Pharmacosmos<br/>Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Sobi; Sanofi; Rigel.

Salem Kim, MD, MPH Physician in Hematology/Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida

Salem Kim, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Hematology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Ronald A Sacher, MD, FRCPC, DTM&H Professor Emeritus of Internal Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Emeritus Director, Hoxworth Blood Center, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center

Ronald A Sacher, MD, FRCPC, DTM&H is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Blood Banks, American Clinical and Climatological Association, American Society for Clinical Pathology, American Society of Hematology, College of American Pathologists, International Society of Blood Transfusion, International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Emmanuel C Besa, MD Professor Emeritus, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University

Emmanuel C Besa, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Education, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American College of Clinical Pharmacology, American Federation for Medical Research, American Society of Hematology, New York Academy of Sciences

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Paul Schick, MD † Emeritus Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University; Research Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine; Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Lankenau Hospital

Paul Schick, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Hematology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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