Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) in Adults Medication

1. Refaat MM, Ballout J, Mansour M. Ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with congenital heart disease. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev. 2017 Dec. 6(4):191-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. Maury P, Sacher F, Rollin A, et al. Ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in tetralogy of Fallot. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2017 May. 110(5):354-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. Fraser CD, Bacha EA, Comas J, Sano S, Sarris GE, Tsang VT. Tetralogy of Fallot. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015 Summer. 27(2):189-204. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Bhardwaj V, Kapoor PM, Irpachi K, Ladha S, Chowdhury UK. Basic arterial blood gas biomarkers as a predictor of mortality in tetralogy of Fallot patients. Ann Card Anaesth. 2017 Jan-Mar. 20 (1):67-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Boechat MI, Ratib O, Williams PL, Gomes AS, Child JS, Allada V. Cardiac MR imaging and MR angiography for assessment of complex tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia. Radiographics. 2005 Nov-Dec. 25(6):1535-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Gabriele B, Maurizio B, Marco B. Does pharmacological therapy still play a role in preventing sudden death in surgically treated tetralogy of Fallot?. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2018. 18(6):490-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Faccini A, Micheletti A, Negura DG, et al. Heart failure in grown-up congenital heart disease. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2018 Jun. 66(3):329-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Diaz-Frias J, Guillaume M. Tetralogy of Fallot. StatPearls [Internet]. 2021 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

9. Anderson RH, Weinberg PM. The clinical anatomy of tetralogy of Fallot. Cardiol Young. 2005 Feb. 15 suppl 1:38-47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Sarris GE. Tetralogy surgery - back to Baltimore 70 years later: Melbourne Heritage and Group tribute to Juan Comas. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu. 2017 Jan. 20:84-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Karl TR, Stocker C. Tetralogy of fallot and its variants. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2016 Aug. 17(8 suppl 1):S330-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Marinho C, Alho I, Guerra A, Rego C, Areias J, Bicho M. The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene variant (C677T) as a susceptibility gene for tetralogy of Fallot. Rev Port Cardiol. 2009 Jul-Aug. 28(7-8):809-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Lee CN, Su YN, Cheng WF, et al. Association of the C677T methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mutation with congenital heart diseases. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2005 Dec. 84(12):1134-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Li X, Liu CL, Li XX, Li QC, Ma LM, Liu GL. VEGF gene polymorphisms are associated with risk of tetralogy of Fallot. Med Sci Monit. 2015 Nov 12. 21:3474-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Anabtawi A, Mondragon J, Dodendorf D, Laskey WK. Late-stage left ventricular dysfunction in adult survivors of tetralogy of Fallot repair in childhood. Open Heart. 2017. 4(2):e000690. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

16. Wu MH, Lu CW, Chen HC, Kao FY, Huang SK. Adult congenital heart disease in a nationwide population 2000-2014: epidemiological trends, arrhythmia, and standardized mortality ratio. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018 Feb 8. 7(4):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

17. Dennis M, Moore B, Kotchetkova I, Pressley L, Cordina R, Celermajer DS. Adults with repaired tetralogy: low mortality but high morbidity up to middle age. Open Heart. 2017. 4(1):e000564. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

18. Rauch R, Hofbeck M, Zweier C, et al. Comprehensive genotype-phenotype analysis in 230 patients with tetralogy of Fallot. J Med Genet. 2010 May. 47(5):321-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Pillutla P, Shetty KD, Foster E. Mortality associated with adult congenital heart disease: trends in the US population from 1979 to 2005. Am Heart J. 2009 Nov. 158(5):874-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Diller GP, Kempny A, Liodakis E, et al. Left ventricular longitudinal function predicts life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia and death in adults with repaired tetralogy of fallot. Circulation. 2012 May 22. 125(20):2440-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Chiu SN, Wu MH, Su MJ, et al. Coexisting mutations/polymorphisms of the long QT syndrome genes in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot are associated with the risks of life-threatening events. Hum Genet. 2012 Aug. 131(8):1295-304. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Dluzniewska N, Podolec P, Miszalski-Jamka T, et al. Effect of ventricular function and volumes on exercise capacity in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. Indian Heart J. 2018 Jan - Feb. 70(1):87-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

23. Vehmeijer JT, Koyak Z, Bokma JP, et al. Sudden cardiac death in adults with congenital heart disease: does QRS-complex fragmentation discriminate in structurally abnormal hearts?. Europace. 2018 Jun 1. 20(FI1):f122-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Gaydos SS, Varga-Szemes A, Judd RN, Suranyi P, Gregg D. Imaging in adult congenital heart disease. J Thorac Imaging. 2017 Jul. 32(4):205-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Bokma JP, de Wilde KC, Vliegen HW, et al. Value of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in noninvasive risk stratification in tetralogy of Fallot. JAMA Cardiol. 2017 Jun 1. 2(6):678-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

26. Scalone G, Gomez-Monterrosas O, Fiszer R, Szkutnik M, Galeczka M, Bialkowski J. Combined strategy of Waterston shunt percutaneous occlusion and medical treatment with sildenafil for management of pulmonary hypertension in an adult patient with corrected tetralogy of Fallot. Postepy Kardiol Interwencyjnej. 2017. 13(3):277-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

27. McRae ME, Coleman B, Atz TW, Kelechi TJ. Patient outcomes after transcatheter and surgical pulmonary valve replacement for pulmonary regurgitation in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: A quasi-meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2017 Aug. 16(6):539-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Bhagra CJ, Hickey EJ, Van De Bruaene A, Roche SL, Horlick EM, Wald RM. Pulmonary valve procedures late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: current perspectives and contemporary approaches to management. Can J Cardiol. 2017 Sep. 33(9):1138-49. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Pragt H, van Melle JP, Javadikasgari H, et al. Mechanical valves in the pulmonary position: an international retrospective analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017 Oct. 154(4):1371-8.e1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

30. Therrien J, Marx GR, Gatzoulis MA. Late problems in tetralogy of Fallot--recognition, management, and prevention. Cardiol Clin. 2002 Aug. 20(3):395-404. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Ezzat VA, Ryan MJ, O'Leary J, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of atrial tachyarrhythmias in adults with tetralogy of Fallot - predictors of success and outcome. Cardiol Young. 2017 Mar. 27(2):284-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Davidson J, Tong S, Hancock H, Hauck A, da Cruz E, Kaufman J. Prospective validation of the vasoactive-inotropic score and correlation to short-term outcomes in neonates and infants after cardiothoracic surgery. Intensive Care Med. 2012 Jul. 38(7):1184-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Menting ME, van den Bosch AE, McGhie JS, et al. Assessment of ventricular function in adults with repaired Tetralogy of Fallot using myocardial deformation imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015 Dec. 16(12):1347-57. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Lindsey CW, Parks WJ, Kogon BE, Sallee D 3rd, Mahle WT. Pulmonary valve replacement after tetralogy of Fallot repair in preadolescent patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010 Jan. 89(1):147-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Bokma JP, Geva T, Sleeper LA, et al. A propensity score-adjusted analysis of clinical outcomes after pulmonary valve replacement in tetralogy of Fallot. Heart. 2018 May. 104(9):738-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Heng EL, Gatzoulis MA, Uebing A, et al. Immediate and midterm cardiac remodeling after surgical pulmonary Vvalve replacement in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: a prospective cardiovascular magnetic resonance and clinical study. Circulation. 2017 Oct 31. 136(18):1703-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

37. Mitropoulos FM, Kanakis MA, Ntellos C, et al. Pulmonary valve replacement in patients with corrected tetralogy of Fallot. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res. 2017. 9(2):71-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

38. Caruana M, Grech V. A first population-based long-term outcome study in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot in Malta. Congenit Heart Dis. 2017 May. 12(3):301-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Kanter KR, Kogon BE, Kirshbom PM, Carlock PR. Symptomatic neonatal tetralogy of Fallot: repair or shunt?. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010 Mar. 89(3):858-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Tsang FH, Li X, Cheung YF, Chau KT, Cheng LC. Pulmonary valve replacement after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Hong Kong Med J. 2010 Feb. 16(1):26-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Alkashkari W, Alsubei A, Hijazi ZM. Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement: current state of art. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2018 Mar 15. 20(4):27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Jones MI, Qureshi SA. Recent advances in transcatheter management of pulmonary regurgitation after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot. F1000Res. 2018. 7:[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

43. Plessis J, Hascoet S, Baruteau A, et al. Edwards SAPIEN transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation: results from a French registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2018 Oct 8. 11(19):1909-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

44. [Guideline] Cotts TB. 2018 AHA/ACC guideline for adults with congenital heart disease. American College of Cardiology. Available at https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2018/08/13/16/26/2018-aha-acc-guideline-for-the-management-of-achd. August 16, 2018; Accessed: October 25, 2018.

45. Senzaki H, Ishido H, Iwamoto Y, et al. Sedation of hypercyanotic spells in a neonate with tetralogy of Fallot using dexmedetomidine. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2008 Jul-Aug. 84(4):377-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Rodan L, McCrindle BW, Manlhiot C, et al. Stroke recurrence in children with congenital heart disease. Ann Neurol. 2012 Jul. 72(1):103-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Tanel RE. ECGs in the ED. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2007 Jun. 23(6):428-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Witte KK, Pepper CB, Cowan JC, Thomson JD, English KM, Blackburn ME. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in adult patients with tetralogy of Fallot. Europace. 2008 Aug. 10(8):926-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Khairy P, Harris L, Landzberg MJ, et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation. 2008 Jan 22. 117(3):363-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Chrysostomou C, Sanchez De Toledo J, Avolio T, et al. Dexmedetomidine use in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit: can we use it in infants after cardiac surgery?. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2009 Nov. 10(6):654-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Shepard SM, Tejman-Yarden S, Khanna S, Davis CK, Batra AS. Dexmedetomidine-related atrial standstill and loss of capture in a pediatric patient after congenital heart surgery. Crit Care Med. 2011 Jan. 39(1):187-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Al Habib HF, Jacobs JP, Mavroudis C, et al. Contemporary patterns of management of tetralogy of Fallot: data from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010 Sep. 90(3):813-9; discussion 819-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Gustafson RA, Murray GF, Warden HE, Hill RC, Rozar GE Jr. Early primary repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Ann Thorac Surg. 1988 Mar. 45(3):235-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Park CS, Lee JR, Lim HG, Kim WH, Kim YJ. The long-term result of total repair for tetralogy of Fallot. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2010 Sep. 38(3):311-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Robinson JD, Rathod RH, Brown DW, et al. The evolving role of intraoperative balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty in valve-sparing repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011 Dec. 142(6):1367-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Pacifico AD, Kirklin JK, Colvin EV, McConnell ME, Kirklin JW. Transatrial-transpulmonary repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1990 Jan. 2(1):76-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Yao Q, Hu XH, Shen QL, et al. Differential effect of the ratio of right ventricular volume to left ventricular volume in children with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. Cardiology. 2016. 133(3):135-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Aboulhosn J, Child JS. Management after childhood repair of tetralogy of fallot. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2006 Dec. 8(6):474-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Devore GR, Polanko B. Tomographic ultrasound imaging of the fetal heart: a new technique for identifying normal and abnormal cardiac anatomy. J Ultrasound Med. 2005 Dec. 24(12):1685-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Duro RP, Moura C, Leite-Moreira A. Anatomophysiologic basis of tetralogy of Fallot and its clinical implications. Rev Port Cardiol. 2010 Apr. 29(4):591-630. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Fox D, Devendra GP, Hart SA, Krasuski RA. When 'blue babies' grow up: What you need to know about tetralogy of Fallot. Cleve Clin J Med. 2010 Nov. 77(11):821-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. He GW. Current strategy of repair of tetralogy of Fallot in children and adults: emphasis on a new technique to create a monocusp-patch for reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract. J Card Surg. 2008 Nov-Dec. 23(6):592-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Horer J, Friebe J, Schreiber C, et al. Correction of tetralogy of Fallot and of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect in adults. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005 Dec. 80(6):2285-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Hovels-Gurich HH, Konrad K, Skorzenski D, et al. Long-term behavior and quality of life after corrective cardiac surgery in infancy for tetralogy of Fallot or ventricular septal defect. Pediatr Cardiol. 2007 Sep-Oct. 28 (5):346-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Kantorova A, Zbieranek K, Sauer H, Lilje C, Haun C, Hraska V. Primary early correction of tetralogy of Fallot irrespective of age. Cardiol Young. 2008 Apr. 18(2):153-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Laidman J. Fluconazole linked to increased risk for rare birth defect. Medscape Medical News from WebMD. August 28, 2013. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/810149. Accessed: September 5, 2013.

67. Miatton M, De Wolf D, Francois K, Thiery E, Vingerhoets G. Intellectual, neuropsychological, and behavioral functioning in children with tetralogy of Fallot. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007 Feb. 133(2):449-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

68. Molgaard-Nielsen D, Pasternak B, Hviid A. Use of oral fluconazole during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med. 2013 Aug 29. 369(9):830-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

69. Patel CR, Agamanolis DP, Stewart JW. Prenatal diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot with obstructed supracardiac totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Cardiol Young. 2005 Dec. 15(6):656-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Redington AN. Determinants and assessment of pulmonary regurgitation in tetralogy of Fallot: practice and pitfalls. Cardiol Clin. 2006 Nov. 24(4):631-9, vii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Sakamoto T, Nagase Y, Hasegawa H, Shin'oka T, Tomimatsu H, Kurosawa H. One-stage intracardiac repair in combination with external stenting of the trachea and right bronchus for tetralogy of Fallot with an absent pulmonary valve and tracheobronchomalacia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005 Dec. 130(6):1717-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

72. Srivastava S, Salem Y, Chatterjee S, et al. Echocardiographic myocardial deformation evaluation of right ventricular function in comparison with CMRI in repaired tetralogy of Fallot: a cross-sectional and longitudinal validation study. Echocardiography. 2013 Feb. 30(2):196-202. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Starr JP. Tetralogy of Fallot: yesterday and today. World J Surg. 2010 Apr. 34(4):658-68. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Aguayo-Gomez A, Arteaga-Vazquez J, Svyryd Y, et al. Identification of copy number variations in isolated tetralogy of Fallot. Pediatr Cardiol. 2015 Dec. 36(8):1642-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Shahanavaz S, Qureshi AM, Levi DS, et al. Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement with the Melody valve in small diameter expandable right ventricular outflow tract conduits. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2018 Mar 26. 11(6):554-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

76. Naidu P, Grigg L, Zentner D. Mortality in adults with congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol. 2017 Oct 15. 245:125-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Apostolopoulou SC, Vagenakis G, Rammos S. Pulmonary vasodilator therapy in tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia and major aortopulmonary collaterals: case series and review of literature. Cardiol Young. 2017 Nov. 2(9):1861-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. [Guideline] Stout KK, Daniels CJ, Aboulhosn JA, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Apr 2. 73(12):e81-e192. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

79. Kwak JG, Kim WH, Kim ER, Lim JH, Min J. One-year follow-up after tetralogy of Fallot total repair preserving pulmonary valve and avoiding right ventriculotomy. Circ J. 2018 Nov 24. 82(12):3064-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Shabir Bhimji, MD, PhD Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgeon, Saudi Arabia and Middle East Hospitals

Shabir Bhimji, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Cancer Society, American College of Chest Physicians, American Lung Association, Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary C Mancini, MD, PhD, MMM 

Mary C Mancini, MD, PhD, MMM is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Surgeons, American Surgical Association, Phi Beta Kappa, Society of Thoracic Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Yasmine S Ali, MD, MSCI, FACC, FACP Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; President, LastSky Writing, LLC

Yasmine S Ali, MD, MSCI, FACC, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, American Medical Writers Association, National Lipid Association, Tennessee Medical Association

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: LastSky Writing;Philips Healthcare;M Health;Athena Health;PeerView Institute;Verywell Health; HealthCentral;MedEdicus;Pharmaceutical Training Institute;Elsevier;MedStudy;North American Thrombosis Forum;WellnessVerge;Prose Media; AKH, Inc.<br/>Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: North American Thrombosis Forum.

David FM Brown, MD Associate Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Vice Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital

David FM Brown, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: lippincott Royalty textbook royalty; wiley Royalty textbook royalty

David A Donson, MD Assistant Medical Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center

David A Donson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Theodore J Gaeta, DO, MPH, FACEP Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Vice Chairman and Program Director of Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York Methodist Hospital; Academic Chair, Adjunct Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, St George's University School of Medicine

Theodore J Gaeta, DO, MPH, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: Alliance for Clinical Education, American College of Emergency Physicians, Clerkship Directors in Emergency Medicine, Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors, New York Academy of Medicine, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ronald J Oudiz, MD, FACP, FACC, FCCP Professor of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine; Director, Liu Center for Pulmonary Hypertension, Division of Cardiology, LA Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center

Ronald J Oudiz, MD, FACP, FACC, FCCP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, and American Thoracic Society

Disclosure: Actelion Grant/research funds Clinical Trials + honoraria; Ikaria Grant/research funds Clinical Trials + honoraria; Gilead Grant/research funds Clinical Trials + honoraria; Pfizer Grant/research funds Clinical Trials + honoraria; United Therapeutics Grant/research funds Clinical Trials + honoraria; Lilly Grant/research funds Clinical Trials + honoraria; Lung LLC Clinical Trials + honoraria; Bayer Grant/research funds Consulting; Medtronic Consulting fee Consulting; Novartis Consulting fee Consulting

Kurt Pflieger, MD, FAAP Active Staff, Department of Pediatrics, Lake Pointe Medical Center

Kurt Pflieger, MD, FAAP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Heart Association, and Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gary Edward Sander, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA, FACP, FASH Professor of Medicine, Director of CME Programs, Team Leader, Root Cause Analysis, Tulane University Heart and Vascular Institute; Director of In-Patient Cardiology, Tulane Service, University Hospital; Visiting Physician, Medical Center of Louisiana at New Orleans; Faculty, Pennington Biomedical Research Institute, Louisiana State University; Professor, Tulane University School of Medicine

Gary Edward Sander, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA, FACP, FASH is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Chemical Society, American College of Cardiology, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Federation for Medical Research, American Heart Association, American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, American Society of Hypertension,American Thoracic Society, Heart Failure Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, National Lipid Association, and Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Forest Labs Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Gary Setnik, MD Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital; Assistant Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School

Gary Setnik, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, National Association of EMS Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: SironaHealth Salary Management position; South Middlesex EMS Consortium Salary Management position; ProceduresConsult.com Royalty Other

Mark Spektor, DO Medical Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center

Mark Spektor, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physician Executives, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

What would you like to print?

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article