Schick MA, Sternard BT. Testicular Torsion. 2020 Jan. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Ta A, D'Arcy FT, Hoag N, D'Arcy JP, Lawrentschuk N. Testicular torsion and the acute scrotum: current emergency management. Eur J Emerg Med. 2015 Aug 11. 37-41. [Medline].
Barbosa JA, Denes FT, Nguyen HT. Testicular Torsion-Can We Improve the Management of Acute Scrotum?. J Urol. 2016 Jun. 195 (6):1650-1. [Medline].
Acute Scrotum. American Urological Association. Available at https://www.auanet.org/education/acute-scrotum.cfm. June 2018; Accessed: October 30, 2020.
Sheth KR, Keays M, Grimsby GM, Granberg CF, Menon VS, DaJusta DG, et al. Diagnosing Testicular Torsion before Urological Consultation and Imaging: Validation of the TWIST Score. J Urol. 2016 Jun. 195 (6):1870-6. [Medline].
Barthold JS. Abnormalities of the Testis and Scrotum and their Surgical Management. McDougal WS, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, Partin AW, Peters CA, eds. Campbell- Walsh Urology. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2012. 642-5.
Uguz S, Yilmaz S, Guragac A, Topuz B, Aydur E. Association of Torsion With Testicular Cancer: A Retrospective Study. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2016 Feb. 14 (1):e55-7. [Medline].
Sauvestre F, André G, Harran MH, Hemard M, Carles D, Pelluard F. Prenatal Testicular Torsion: Not Always in the Late Third Trimester. Urology. 2016 Mar. 89:132-3. [Medline].
Dogra V, Bhatt S. Acute painful scrotum. Radiol Clin North Am. 2004 Mar. 42(2):349-63. [Medline].
Roth CC, Mingin GC, Ortenberg J. Salvage of bilateral asynchronous perinatal testicular torsion. J Urol. 2011 Jun. 185(6 Suppl):2464-8. [Medline].
Kar A, Ozden E, Yakupoglu YK, Kefeli M, Sarikaya S, Yilmaz AF. Experimental unilateral spermatic cord torsion: the effect of polypolymerase enzyme inhibitor on histopathological and biochemical changes in the early and late periods in the ipsilateral and contralateral testicles. Urology. 2010 Aug. 76(2):507.e1-5. [Medline].
Beni-Israel T, Goldman M, Bar Chaim S, Kozer E. Clinical predictors for testicular torsion as seen in the pediatric ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2010 Sep. 28(7):786-9. [Medline].
Cubillos J, Palmer JS, Friedman SC, Freyle J, Lowe FC, Palmer LS. Familial testicular torsion. J Urol. 2011 Jun. 185(6 Suppl):2469-72. [Medline].
Cost NG, Bush NC, Barber TD, Huang R, Baker LA. Pediatric testicular torsion: demographics of national orchiopexy versus orchiectomy rates. J Urol. 2011 Jun. 185(6 Suppl):2459-63. [Medline].
Cattolica EV, Karol JB, Rankin KN, Klein RS. High testicular salvage rate in torsion of the spermatic cord. J Urol. 1982 Jul. 128(1):66-8. [Medline].
Ringdahl E, Teague L. Testicular torsion. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Nov 15. 74(10):1739-43. [Medline].
Sun J, Liu GH, Zhao HT, Shi CR. Long-term influence of prepubertal testicular torsion on spermatogenesis. Urol Int. 2006. 77(3):275-8. [Medline].
Puri P, Barton D, O'Donnell B. Prepubertal testicular torsion: subsequent fertility. J Pediatr Surg. 1985 Dec. 20(6):598-601. [Medline].
Coley BD. The Acute Pediatric Scrotum. Ultrasound Clinics. 2006. 1:485-96. [Full Text].
Yang C Jr, Song B, Liu X, Wei GH, Lin T, He DW. Acute scrotum in children: an 18-year retrospective study. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011 Apr. 27(4):270-4. [Medline].
Johnston BI, Wiener JS. Intermittent testicular torsion. BJU Int. 2005 May. 95(7):933-4. [Medline].
Hayn MH, Herz DB, Bellinger MF, Schneck FX. Intermittent torsion of the spermatic cord portends an increased risk of acute testicular infarction. J Urol. 2008 Oct. 180(4 Suppl):1729-32. [Medline].
Creagh TA, McDermott TE, McLean PA, Walsh A. Intermittent torsion of the testis. BMJ. 1988 Aug 20-27. 297(6647):525-6. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Schmitz D, Safranek S. Clinical inquiries. How useful is a physical exam in diagnosing testicular torsion?. J Fam Pract. 2009 Aug. 58(8):433-4. [Medline].
Barbosa JA, Tiseo BC, Barayan GA, Rosman BM, Torricelli FC, Passerotti CC, et al. Development and initial validation of a scoring system to diagnose testicular torsion in children. J Urol. 2013 May. 189 (5):1859-64. [Medline].
He M, Li M, Zhang W. Prognosis of testicular torsion orchiopexy. Andrologia. 2020 Feb. 52 (1):e13477. [Medline].
Cicek T, Togan T, Akbaba K, Narci H, Aygun C. The value of serum mean platelet volume in testicular torsion. J Int Med Res. 2015 Jun. 43 (3):452-9. [Medline].
Peretti M, Zampieri N, Bertozzi M, Bianchi F, Patanè S, Spigo V, et al. Mean Platelet Volume and Testicular Torsion: New Findings. Urol J. 2019 Feb 21. 16 (1):83-85. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Doehn C, Fornara P, Kausch I, Büttner H, Friedrich HJ, Jocham D. Value of acute-phase proteins in the differential diagnosis of acute scrotum. Eur Urol. 2001 Feb. 39(2):215-21. [Medline].
Prando D. Torsion of the spermatic cord: the main gray-scale and doppler sonographic signs. Abdom Imaging. 2009 Sep-Oct. 34(5):648-61. [Medline].
Dogra VS, Bhatt S, Rubens DJ. Sonographic Evaluation of Testicular Torsion. Ultrasound Clinics. 2006. 1:55-66.
Yagil Y, Naroditsky I, Milhem J, Leiba R, Leiderman M, Badaan S, et al. Role of Doppler ultrasonography in the triage of acute scrotum in the emergency department. J Ultrasound Med. 2010 Jan. 29(1):11-21. [Medline].
Turgut AT, Bhatt S, Dogra VS. Acute Painful Scrotum. Ultrasound Clinics. 2008. 3:93-107.
Cassar S, Bhatt S, Paltiel HJ, Dogra VS. Role of spectral Doppler sonography in the evaluation of partial testicular torsion. J Ultrasound Med. 2008 Nov. 27(11):1629-38. [Medline].
Blaivas M, Sierzenski P, Lambert M. Emergency evaluation of patients presenting with acute scrotum using bedside ultrasonography. Acad Emerg Med. 2001 Jan. 8(1):90-3. [Medline].
Bomann JS, Moore C. Bedside ultrasound of a painful testicle: before and after manual detorsion by an emergency physician. Acad Emerg Med. 2009 Apr. 16(4):366. [Medline].
Moschouris H, Stamatiou K, Lampropoulou E, Kalikis D, Matsaidonis D. Imaging of the acute scrotum: is there a place for contrast-enhanced ultrasonography?. Int Braz J Urol. 2009 Nov-Dec. 35(6):692-702; discussion 702-5. [Medline].
Boettcher M, Krebs T, Bergholz R, Wenke K, Aronson D, Reinshagen K. Clinical and sonographic features predict testicular torsion in children: a prospective study. BJU Int. 2013 Dec. 112(8):1201-6. [Medline].
Crawford P, Crop JA. Evaluation of scrotal masses. Am Fam Physician. 2014 May 1. 89(9):723-7. [Medline].
Altinkilic B, Pilatz A, Weidner W. Detection of normal intratesticular perfusion using color coded duplex sonography obviates need for scrotal exploration in patients with suspected testicular torsion. J Urol. 2013 May. 189(5):1853-8. [Medline].
Nason GJ, Tareen F, McLoughlin D, McDowell D, Cianci F, Mortell A. Scrotal exploration for acute scrotal pain: a 10-year experience in two tertiary referral paediatric units. Scand J Urol. 2013 Oct. 47(5):418-22. [Medline].
McDowall J, Adam A, Gerber L, Enyuma COA, Aigbodion SJ, Buchanan S, et al. The ultrasonographic "whirlpool sign" in testicular torsion: valuable tool or waste of valuable time? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Emerg Radiol. 2018 Jun. 25 (3):281-292. [Medline].
Terai A, Yoshimura K, Ichioka K, Ueda N, Utsunomiya N, Kohei N, et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced subtraction magnetic resonance imaging in diagnostics of testicular torsion. Urology. 2006 Jun. 67(6):1278-82. [Medline].
Burgu B, Aydogdu O, Huang R, Soygur T, Yaman O, Baker L. Pilot Feasibility Study of Transscrotal Near Infrared Spectroscopy in the Evaluation of Adult Acute Scrotum. J Urol. 2013 Jan 29. [Medline].
Ramachandra P, Palazzi KL, Holmes NM, Marietti S. Factors influencing rate of testicular salvage in acute testicular torsion at a tertiary pediatric center. West J Emerg Med. 2015 Jan. 16 (1):190-4. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Sharp VJ, Kieran K, Arlen AM. Testicular torsion: diagnosis, evaluation, and management. Am Fam Physician. 2013 Dec 15. 88(12):835-40. [Medline].
Filho AC, Oliveira Rodrigues R, Riccetto CL, Oliveira PG. Improving Organ Salvage In Testicular Torsion: Comparative Study Between Patients Submitted Or Not To Preoperative Manual Detorsion. J Urol. 2016 Sep 30. [Medline].
Güneş M, Umul M, Çelik AO, Armağan HH, Değirmenci B. A novel approach for manual de-torsion of an atypical (outward) testicular torsion with bedside Doppler ultrasonography guidance. Can Urol Assoc J. 2015 Sep-Oct. 9 (9-10):E676-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Ameli M, Hashemi MS, Moghimian M, Shokoohi M. Protective effect of tadalafil and verapamil on testicular function and oxidative stress after torsion/detorsion in adult male rat. Andrologia. 2018 Jun 19. e13068. [Medline].
Ghasemnejad-Berenji M, Ghazi-Khansari M, Pashapour S, Jafari A, Yazdani I, Ghasemnejad-Berenji H, et al. Synergistic effect of rapamycin and metformin against germ cell apoptosis and oxidative stress after testicular torsion/detorsion-induced ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018 Sep. 105:645-651. [Medline].
Park K, Choi H. An evolution of orchiopexy: historical aspect. Korean J Urol. 2010 Mar. 51(3):155-60. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Dajusta DG, Granberg CF, Villanueva C, Baker LA. Contemporary review of testicular torsion: New concepts, emerging technologies and potential therapeutics. J Pediatr Urol. 2012 Oct 5. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Lian BS, Ong CC, Chiang LW, Rai R, Nah SA. Factors Predicting Testicular Atrophy after Testicular Salvage following Torsion. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2015 Oct 28. [Medline].
Kozminski DJ, Kraft KH, Bloom DA. Orchiopexy without Transparenchymal Fixation Suturing: A 29-Year Experience. J Urol. 2015 Dec. 194 (6):1743-7. [Medline].
Liang T, Metcalfe P, Sevcik W, Noga M. Retrospective review of diagnosis and treatment in children presenting to the pediatric department with acute scrotum. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013 May. 200(5):W444-9. [Medline].