Sections

Presentation

History

At least 10 inherited disorders of magnesium handling cause hypomagnesemia.^[117]Consequently, a careful family history is important, particularly when acquired causes of hypomagnesemia have been excluded.

Magnesium is critically important in maintaining normal cell function, and symptomatic magnesium depletion is often associated with multiple biochemical abnormalities, including hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, and metabolic acidosis. As a result, hypomagnesemia is sometimes difficult to attribute solely to specific clinical manifestations.

The organ systems commonly affected by magnesium deficiency are the cardiovascular system and the central and peripheral nervous systems. The skeletal, hematologic, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary systems are affected less often.

Neuromuscular manifestations of hypomagnesemia may include the following^[5]:

Muscular weakness
Tremors
Seizure
Paresthesias
Tetany
Positive Chvostek sign and Trousseau sign
Vertical and horizontal nystagmus

Cardiovascular manifestations may include the following electrocardiographic abnormalities and arrhythmias:

Nonspecific T-wave changes - U waves
Prolonged QT and QU interval
Repolarization alternans
Premature ventricular contractions - Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia
Torsade de pointes
Ventricular fibrillation
Enhanced digitalis toxicity

Metabolic manifestations may include the following:

Hypokalemia
Hypocalcemia

Physical Examination

At serum magnesium levels less than 1 mEq/L, patients develop the following signs:

Tremor
Hyperactive deep-tendon reflexes
Hyperreactivity to sensory stimuli
Muscular fibrillations
Positive Chvostek and Trousseau signs
Carpopedal spasms progressing to tetany
Vertical nystagmus

Mental status changes may become evident and may include irritability, disorientation, depression, and psychosis. Cardiac arrhythmias and reversible respiratory muscle failure can also occur in severe hypomagnesemia.

In a fashion analogous to hypermagnesemia, the rate of development of hypomagnesemia may be more important than the absolute value in terms of symptom development.

Differential Diagnoses

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Media Gallery

A: Magnesium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. The driving force for the reabsorption against a concentration gradient is a lumen-positive voltage gradient generated by the reabsorption of NaCl. Terms: FHHNC (familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis); ADH (autosomal-dominant hypocalcemia); FHH/NSHPT (familial hypomagnesemia/neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism). B: Magnesium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule. Active transcellular transport is mediated by an apical entry through a magnesium channel and a basolateral exit, presumably via a Na+/Mg2+ exchange mechanism. Terms: HSH (hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia); GS (Gitelman syndrome); IDH (isolated dominant hypomagnesemia). Source: Konrad M, Schlingmann KP, Gudermann T: Insights into the molecular nature of magnesium homeostasis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004; 286: F599-F605.

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Author

Tibor Fulop, MD, PhD, FACP, FASN Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine; Attending Physician, Medical Services, Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center

Tibor Fulop, MD, PhD, FACP, FASN is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Urgent Care Medicine, American College of Physicians, American Society of Hypertension, American Society of Nephrology, International Society for Apheresis, International Society for Hemodialysis, Magyar Orvosi Kamara (Hungarian Chamber of Medicine)

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Mohit Agarwal, MBBS Assistant Professor, Division of Nephrology, Medical College of Wisconsin

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Krishna C Keri, MD, MBBS Fellow in Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin

Krishna C Keri, MD, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Vecihi Batuman, MD, FASN Huberwald Professor of Medicine, Section of Nephrology-Hypertension, Interim Chair, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine

Vecihi Batuman, MD, FASN is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Hypertension, American Society of Nephrology, International Society of Nephrology, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Mahendra Agraharkar, MD, MBBS, FACP, FASN Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine; President and CEO, Space City Associates of Nephrology

Mahendra Agraharkar, MD, MBBS, FACP, FASN is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Nephrology, and National Kidney Foundation

Disclosure: South Shore DaVita Dialysis Center Ownership interest Other

Jeffrey L Arnold, MD, FACEP Chairman, Department of Emergency Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center

Jeffrey L Arnold, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine and American College of Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Howard A Blumstein, MD, FAAEM Assistant Professor of Surgery, Medical Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine

Howard A Blumstein, MD, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Emergency Medicine Residents Association, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

George P Chrousos, MD, FAAP, MACP, MACE, FRCP(London) Professor and Chair, First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Greece; UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, University of Athens, Greece

George P Chrousos, MD, FAAP, MACP, MACE, FRCP(London) is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Endocrinology, American College of Physicians, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Clinical Investigation, Association of American Physicians, Endocrine Society, Pediatric Endocrine Society, and Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mark T Fahlen, MD Inc

Mark T Fahlen, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and Renal Physicians Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Enrique Grisoni, MD Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Cleveland, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robin R Hemphill, MD, MPH Associate Professor, Director, Quality and Safety, Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine

Robin R Hemphill, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gunjeet K Kala, MD Clinical Instructor, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Buffalo, State University of New York School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo

Gunjeet K Kala, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society of Pediatric Nephrology, and American Society of Pediatric Nephrology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Stephen Kemp, MD, PhD Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Medicine, Arkansas Children's Hospital

Stephen Kemp, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American Pediatric Society, Endocrine Society, Phi Beta Kappa, Southern Medical Association, and Southern Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Nona P Novello, MD Associate Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Franklin Square Hospital

Nona P Novello, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Helbert Rondon-Berrios, MD Nephrology Fellow, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

Helbert Rondon-Berrios, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Nephrology, National Kidney Foundation, and Renal Physicians Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Karl S Roth, MD Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Creighton University School of Medicine

Karl S Roth, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Nutrition, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Clinical Nutrition, American Society of Nephrology, Association of American Medical Colleges, Medical Society of Virginia, New York Academy of Sciences, Sigma Xi, Society for Pediatric Research, andSouthern Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Erik D Schraga, MD Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mills-Peninsula Emergency Medical Associates

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

James H Sondheimer, MD, FACP Associate Professor of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Medical Director of Hemodialysis, Harper University Hospital at Detroit Medical Center; Medical Director, DaVita Greenview Dialysis (Southfield)

James H Sondheimer, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and American Society of Nephrology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

James E Springate, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Buffalo, State University of New York School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Attending Physician, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo

James E Springate, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Physiological Society, American Society of Pediatric Nephrology, International Pediatric Transplant Association, and Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Christie P Thomas, MBBS, FRCP, FASN, FAHA Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical Director, Kidney and Kidney/Pancreas Transplant Program, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics

Christie P Thomas, MBBS, FRCP, FASN, FAHA is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, American Heart Association, American Society of Nephrology, American Society of Transplantation, American Thoracic Society, International Society of Nephrology, and Royal College of Physicians

Disclosure: Genzyme Grant/research funds Other

Mary L Windle, PharmD, Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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