Hypomagnesemia Questions & Answers

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2. Konrad M. Disorders of magnesium metabolism. Geary D, Shaefer F. Comprehensive Pediatric Nephrology. Philadelphia PA: Mosby Elsevier; 2008. 461-475.

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6. Groenestege WM, Thébault S, van der Wijst J, van den Berg D, Janssen R, Tejpar S. Impaired basolateral sorting of pro-EGF causes isolated recessive renal hypomagnesemia. J Clin Invest. 2007 Aug. 117(8):2260-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Thebault S, Alexander RT, Tiel Groenestege WM, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ. EGF increases TRPM6 activity and surface expression. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 Jan. 20(1):78-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Groenestege WM, Hoenderop JG, van den Heuvel L, Knoers N, Bindels RJ. The epithelial Mg2+ channel transient receptor potential melastatin 6 is regulated by dietary Mg2+ content and estrogens. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Apr. 17(4):1035-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Xi Q, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ. Regulation of magnesium reabsorption in DCT. Pflugers Arch. 2009 May. 458(1):89-98. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Agus ZS. Hypomagnesemia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999 Jul. 10(7):1616-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Cole DE, Quamme GA. Inherited disorders of renal magnesium handling. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000 Oct. 11(10):1937-47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Konrad M, Weber S. Recent advances in molecular genetics of hereditary magnesium-losing disorders. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003 Jan. 14(1):249-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Konrad M, Schlingmann KP, Gudermann T. Insights into the molecular nature of magnesium homeostasis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2004 Apr. 286(4):F599-605. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Blanchard A, Jeunemaitre X, Coudol P, Dechaux M, Froissart M, May A, et al. Paracellin-1 is critical for magnesium and calcium reabsorption in the human thick ascending limb of Henle. Kidney Int. 2001 Jun. 59(6):2206-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Müller D, Kausalya PJ, Bockenhauer D, Thumfart J, Meij IC, Dillon MJ, et al. Unusual clinical presentation and possible rescue of a novel claudin-16 mutation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Aug. 91(8):3076-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Lal-Nag M, Morin PJ. The claudins. Genome Biol. 2009. 10(8):235. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Weber S, Schneider L, Peters M, Misselwitz J, Rönnefarth G, Böswald M, et al. Novel paracellin-1 mutations in 25 families with familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001 Sep. 12(9):1872-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Kausalya PJ, Amasheh S, Günzel D, Wurps H, Müller D, Fromm M, et al. Disease-associated mutations affect intracellular traffic and paracellular Mg2+ transport function of Claudin-16. J Clin Invest. 2006 Apr. 116(4):878-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

19. Knoers NV. Inherited forms of renal hypomagnesemia: an update. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009 Apr. 24(4):697-705. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Huang CL. The transient receptor potential superfamily of ion channels. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004 Jul. 15(7):1690-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ. Epithelial Ca2+ and Mg2+ channels in health and disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Jan. 16(1):15-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Schlingmann KP, Weber S, Peters M, Niemann Nejsum L, Vitzthum H, Klingel K, et al. Hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia is caused by mutations in TRPM6, a new member of the TRPM gene family. Nat Genet. 2002 Jun. 31(2):166-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Walder RY, Landau D, Meyer P, Shalev H, Tsolia M, Borochowitz Z, et al. Mutation of TRPM6 causes familial hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia. Nat Genet. 2002 Jun. 31(2):171-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Schlingmann KP, Sassen MC, Weber S, Pechmann U, Kusch K, Pelken L, et al. Novel TRPM6 mutations in 21 families with primary hypomagnesemia and secondary hypocalcemia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Oct. 16(10):3061-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Groenestege WM, Thébault S, van der Wijst J, van den Berg D, Janssen R, Tejpar S, et al. Impaired basolateral sorting of pro-EGF causes isolated recessive renal hypomagnesemia. J Clin Invest. 2007 Aug. 117(8):2260-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

26. Wagner CA. Disorders of renal magnesium handling explain renal magnesium transport. J Nephrol. 2007 Sep-Oct. 20(5):507-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Schrag D, Chung KY, Flombaum C, Saltz L. Cetuximab therapy and symptomatic hypomagnesemia. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Aug 17. 97(16):1221-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Thebault S, Alexander RT, Tiel Groenestege WM, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ. EGF increases TRPM6 activity and surface expression. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 Jan. 20(1):78-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

29. Petrelli F, Borgonovo K, Cabiddu M, Ghilardi M, Barni S. Risk of anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody-related hypomagnesemia: systematic review and pooled analysis of randomized studies. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2012 May. 11 Suppl 1:S9-19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Chen P, Wang L, Li H, Liu B, Zou Z. Incidence and risk of hypomagnesemia in advanced cancer patients treated with cetuximab: A meta-analysis. Oncol Lett. 2013 Jun. 5(6):1915-1920. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

31. Geven WB, Monnens LA, Willems HL, Buijs WC, ter Haar BG. Renal magnesium wasting in two families with autosomal dominant inheritance. Kidney Int. 1987 May. 31(5):1140-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Meij IC, Koenderink JB, van Bokhoven H, Assink KF, Groenestege WT, de Pont JJ, et al. Dominant isolated renal magnesium loss is caused by misrouting of the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase gamma-subunit. Nat Genet. 2000 Nov. 26(3):265-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Meij IC, Koenderink JB, De Jong JC, De Pont JJ, Monnens LA, Van Den Heuvel LP, et al. Dominant isolated renal magnesium loss is caused by misrouting of the Na+,K+-ATPase gamma-subunit. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Apr. 986:437-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Wang WH, Lu M, Hebert SC. Cytochrome P-450 metabolites mediate extracellular Ca(2+)-induced inhibition of apical K+ channels in the TAL. Am J Physiol. 1996 Jul. 271(1 Pt 1):C103-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Hebert SC, Desir G, Giebisch G, Wang W. Molecular diversity and regulation of renal potassium channels. Physiol Rev. 2005 Jan. 85(1):319-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

36. Pearce SH, Williamson C, Kifor O, Bai M, Coulthard MG, Davies M, et al. A familial syndrome of hypocalcemia with hypercalciuria due to mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor. N Engl J Med. 1996 Oct 10. 335(15):1115-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Okazaki R, Chikatsu N, Nakatsu M, Takeuchi Y, Ajima M, Miki J, et al. A novel activating mutation in calcium-sensing receptor gene associated with a family of autosomal dominant hypocalcemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Jan. 84(1):363-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Nijenhuis T, Renkema KY, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ. Acid-base status determines the renal expression of Ca2+ and Mg2+ transport proteins. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Mar. 17(3):617-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Rude RK, Oldham SB, Singer FR. Functional hypoparathyroidism and parathyroid hormone end-organ resistance in human magnesium deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1976 May. 5(3):209-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Kelepouris E, Agus ZS. Hypomagnesemia: renal magnesium handling. Semin Nephrol. 1998 Jan. 18(1):58-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Khan AM, Lubitz SA, Sullivan LM, Sun JX, Levy D, Vasan RS. Low serum magnesium and the development of atrial fibrillation in the community: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2013 Jan 1. 127(1):33-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Liu P, Wang L, Han D, Sun C, Xue X, Li G. Acquired long QT syndrome in chronic kidney disease patients. Ren Fail. 2020 Nov. 42 (1):54-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Ho KM, Sheridan DJ, Paterson T. Use of intravenous magnesium to treat acute onset atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Heart. 2007 Nov. 93(11):1433-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

44. Agus ZS, Morad M. Modulation of cardiac ion channels by magnesium. Annu Rev Physiol. 1991. 53:299-307. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1997 Apr 17. 336(16):1117-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Gartside PS, Glueck CJ. The important role of modifiable dietary and behavioral characteristics in the causation and prevention of coronary heart disease hospitalization and mortality: the prospective NHANES I follow-up study. J Am Coll Nutr. 1995 Feb. 14(1):71-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Liao F, Folsom AR, Brancati FL. Is low magnesium concentration a risk factor for coronary heart disease? The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Am Heart J. 1998 Sep. 136(3):480-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Woods KL, Fletcher S. Long-term outcome after intravenous magnesium sulphate in suspected acute myocardial infarction: the second Leicester Intravenous Magnesium Intervention Trial (LIMIT-2). Lancet. 1994 Apr 2. 343(8901):816-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. ISIS-4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1995 Mar 18. 345(8951):669-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Early administration of intravenous magnesium to high-risk patients with acute myocardial infarction in the Magnesium in Coronaries (MAGIC) Trial: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002 Oct 19. 360(9341):1189-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Aglio LS, Stanford GG, Maddi R, Boyd JL 3rd, Nussbaum S, Chernow B. Hypomagnesemia is common following cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1991 Jun. 5(3):201-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. England MR, Gordon G, Salem M, Chernow B. Magnesium administration and dysrhythmias after cardiac surgery. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. JAMA. 1992 Nov 4. 268(17):2395-402. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Wilkes NJ, Mallett SV, Peachey T, Di Salvo C, Walesby R. Correction of ionized plasma magnesium during cardiopulmonary bypass reduces the risk of postoperative cardiac arrhythmia. Anesth Analg. 2002 Oct. 95(4):828-34, table of contents. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Dorman BH, Sade RM, Burnette JS, Wiles HB, Pinosky ML, Reeves ST, et al. Magnesium supplementation in the prevention of arrhythmias in pediatric patients undergoing surgery for congenital heart defects. Am Heart J. 2000 Mar. 139(3):522-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Rude RK, Gruber HE. Magnesium deficiency and osteoporosis: animal and human observations. J Nutr Biochem. 2004 Dec. 15(12):710-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Tucker KL, Hannan MT, Kiel DP. The acid-base hypothesis: diet and bone in the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Eur J Nutr. 2001 Oct. 40(5):231-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Ryder KM, Shorr RI, Bush AJ, Kritchevsky SB, Harris T, Stone K, et al. Magnesium intake from food and supplements is associated with bone mineral density in healthy older white subjects. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Nov. 53(11):1875-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Richette P, Ayoub G, Lahalle S, Vicaut E, Badran AM, Joly F, et al. Hypomagnesemia associated with chondrocalcinosis: a cross-sectional study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Dec 15. 57(8):1496-501. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Montagnana M, Lippi G, Targher G, Salvagno GL, Guidi GC. Relationship between hypomagnesemia and glucose homeostasis. Clin Lab. 2008. 54(5-6):169-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Curiel-García JA, Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F. Hypomagnesemia and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Magnes Res. 2008 Sep. 21(3):163-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Rasheed H, Elahi S, Ajaz H. Serum magnesium and atherogenic lipid fractions in type II diabetic patients of Lahore, Pakistan. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2012 Aug. 148(2):165-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Rodríguez-Morán M, Simental Mendía LE, Zambrano Galván G, Guerrero-Romero F. The role of magnesium in type 2 diabetes: a brief based-clinical review. Magnes Res. 2011 Dec. 24(4):156-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Lima Mde L, Cruz T, Rodrigues LE, Bomfim O, Melo J, Correia R, et al. Serum and intracellular magnesium deficiency in patients with metabolic syndrome--evidences for its relation to insulin resistance. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009 Feb. 83(2):257-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Rodríguez-Hernández H, Gonzalez JL, Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F. Hypomagnesemia, insulin resistance, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in obese subjects. Arch Med Res. 2005 Jul-Aug. 36(4):362-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Song Y, Sesso HD, Manson JE, Cook NR, Buring JE, Liu S. Dietary magnesium intake and risk of incident hypertension among middle-aged and older US women in a 10-year follow-up study. Am J Cardiol. 2006 Dec 15. 98(12):1616-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Sakaguchi Y, Shoji T, Hayashi T, Suzuki A, Shimizu M, Mitsumoto K. Hypomagnesemia in type 2 diabetic nephropathy: a novel predictor of end-stage renal disease. Diabetes Care. 2012 Jul. 35(7):1591-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Van Laecke S, Maréchal C, Verbeke F, Peeters P, Van Biesen W, Devuyst O. The relation between hypomagnesaemia and vascular stiffness in renal transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011 Jul. 26(7):2362-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Guerrero-Romero F, Bermudez-Peña C, Rodríguez-Morán M. Severe hypomagnesemia and low-grade inflammation in metabolic syndrome. Magnes Res. 2011 Jun. 24(2):45-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Katcher HI, Legro RS, Kunselman AR, Gillies PJ, Demers LM, Bagshaw DM, et al. The effects of a whole grain-enriched hypocaloric diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in men and women with metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jan. 87(1):79-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Schulze MB, Schulz M, Heidemann C, Schienkiewitz A, Hoffmann K, Boeing H. Fiber and magnesium intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2007 May 14. 167(9):956-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Mauskop A, Varughese J. Why all migraine patients should be treated with magnesium. J Neural Transm. 2012 May. 119(5):575-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Beasley R, Aldington S. Magnesium in the treatment of asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Feb. 7(1):107-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Gontijo-Amaral C, Ribeiro MA, Gontijo LS, Condino-Neto A, Ribeiro JD. Oral magnesium supplementation in asthmatic children: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jan. 61(1):54-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Kreepala C, Kitporntheranunt M, Sangwipasnapaporn W, Rungsrithananon W, Wattanavaekin K. Assessment of preeclampsia risk by use of serum ionized magnesium-based equation. Ren Fail. 2018 Nov. 40 (1):99-106. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Aubry E, Friedli N, Schuetz P, Stanga Z. Refeeding syndrome in the frail elderly population: prevention, diagnosis and management. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2018. 11:255-264. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

76. Praga M, Vara J, González-Parra E, Andrés A, Alamo C, Araque A, et al. Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis. Kidney Int. 1995 May. 47(5):1419-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Accogli A, Scala M, Calcagno A, Napoli F, Di Iorgi N, Arrigo S, et al. CNNM2 homozygous mutations cause severe refractory hypomagnesemia, epileptic encephalopathy and brain malformations. Eur J Med Genet. 2018 Jul 17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Shah GM, Kirschenbaum MA. Renal magnesium wasting associated with therapeutic agents. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1991. 17(1):58-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Inose R, Takahashi K, Nishikawa T, Nagayama K. Analysis of Factors Influencing the Development of Hypomagnesemia in Patients Receiving Cetuximab Therapy for Head and Neck Cancer. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2015. 135 (12):1403-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Cheungpasitporn W, Thongprayoon C, Kittanamongkolchai W, Srivali N, Edmonds PJ, Ungprasert P, et al. Proton pump inhibitors linked to hypomagnesemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Ren Fail. 2015 Aug. 37 (7):1237-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Kieboom BC, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Eijgelsheim M, Franco OH, Kuipers EJ, Hofman A, et al. Proton Pump Inhibitors and Hypomagnesemia in the General Population: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015 Nov. 66 (5):775-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

82. Hoorn EJ, van der Hoek J, de Man RA, Kuipers EJ, Bolwerk C, Zietse R. A case series of proton pump inhibitor-induced hypomagnesemia. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010 Jul. 56(1):112-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

83. Cheungpasitporn W, Thongprayoon C, Kittanamongkolchai W, Srivali N, Edmonds PJ, Ungprasert P, et al. Proton pump inhibitors linked to hypomagnesemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Ren Fail. 2015 Aug. 37 (7):1237-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. De Marchi S, Cecchin E, Basile A, Bertotti A, Nardini R, Bartoli E. Renal tubular dysfunction in chronic alcohol abuse--effects of abstinence. N Engl J Med. 1993 Dec 23. 329(26):1927-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. Kiatpanabhikul P, Bunyayothin W. Uncommon presentation of primary hyperaldosteronism with severe hypomagnesemia: a Gitelman syndrome mimic. Ren Fail. 2019 Nov. 41 (1):862-865. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Brasier AR, Nussbaum SR. Hungry bone syndrome: clinical and biochemical predictors of its occurrence after parathyroid surgery. Am J Med. 1988 Apr. 84(4):654-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Chrun LR, João PR. Hypomagnesemia after spinal fusion. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2012 May. 88(3):227-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Agarwal M, Csongrádi E, Koch CA, Juncos LA, Echols V, Tapolyai M, et al. Severe Symptomatic Hypocalcemia after Denosumab Administration in an End-Stage Renal Disease Patient on Peritoneal Dialysis with Controlled Secondary Hyperparathyroidism. Br J Med Medical Res. 2013. 3(4):1398-1406. [Full Text].

89. Chernow B, Bamberger S, Stoiko M, Vadnais M, Mills S, Hoellerich V, et al. Hypomagnesemia in patients in postoperative intensive care. Chest. 1989 Feb. 95(2):391-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. Tong GM, Rude RK. Magnesium deficiency in critical illness. J Intensive Care Med. 2005 Jan-Feb. 20(1):3-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. William JH, Danziger J. Magnesium Deficiency and Proton-Pump Inhibitor Use: A Clinical Review. J Clin Pharmacol. 2015 Nov 18. 36(5):405-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Low magnesium levels can be associated with long-term use of Proton Pump Inhibitor drugs (PPIs). U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-low-magnesium-levels-can-be-associated-long-term-use-proton-pump. March 2, 2011; Accessed: October 28, 2020.

93. Zipursky J, Macdonald EM, Hollands S, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Paterson JM, et al. Proton pump inhibitors and hospitalization with hypomagnesemia: a population-based case-control study. PLoS Med. 2014 Sep. 11(9):e1001736. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

94. Shalev H, Phillip M, Galil A, Carmi R, Landau D. Clinical presentation and outcome in primary familial hypomagnesaemia. Arch Dis Child. 1998 Feb. 78(2):127-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

95. Strømme JH, Steen-Johnsen J, Harnaes K, Hofstad F, Brandtzaeg P. Familial hypomagnesemia--a follow-up examination of three patients after 9 to 12 years of treatment. Pediatr Res. 1981 Aug. 15(8):1134-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Riveira-Munoz E, Chang Q, Godefroid N, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ, Dahan K, et al. Transcriptional and functional analyses of SLC12A3 mutations: new clues for the pathogenesis of Gitelman syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Apr. 18(4):1271-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

97. Bettinelli A, Bianchetti MG, Girardin E, Caringella A, Cecconi M, Appiani AC, et al. Use of calcium excretion values to distinguish two forms of primary renal tubular hypokalemic alkalosis: Bartter and Gitelman syndromes. J Pediatr. 1992 Jan. 120(1):38-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

98. Kamel KS, Harvey E, Douek K, Parmar MS, Halperin ML. Studies on the pathogenesis of hypokalemia in Gitelman's syndrome: role of bicarbonaturia and hypomagnesemia. Am J Nephrol. 1998. 18(1):42-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Benigno V, Canonica CS, Bettinelli A, von Vigier RO, Truttmann AC, Bianchetti MG. Hypomagnesaemia-hypercalciuria-nephrocalcinosis: a report of nine cases and a review. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000 May. 15(5):605-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

100. Ekinci Z, Karabas L, Konrad M. Hypomagnesemia-hypercalciuria-nephrocalcinosis and ocular findings: a new claudin-19 mutation. Turk J Pediatr. 2012 Mar-Apr. 54(2):168-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

101. Naeem M, Hussain S, Akhtar N. Mutation in the tight-junction gene claudin 19 (CLDN19) and familial hypomagnesemia, hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis (FHHNC) and severe ocular disease. Am J Nephrol. 2011. 34(3):241-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

102. Faguer S, Chauveau D, Cintas P, Tack I, Cointault O, Rostaing L. Renal, ocular, and neuromuscular involvements in patients with CLDN19 mutations. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 Feb. 6(2):355-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

103. Stuiver M, Lainez S, Will C, Terryn S, Günzel D, Debaix H. CNNM2, encoding a basolateral protein required for renal Mg2+ handling, is mutated in dominant hypomagnesemia. Am J Hum Genet. 2011 Mar 11. 88(3):333-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

104. Geven WB, Monnens LA, Willems JL, Buijs W, Hamel CJ. Isolated autosomal recessive renal magnesium loss in two sisters. Clin Genet. 1987 Dec. 32(6):398-402. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

105. Nijenhuis T, Vallon V, van der Kemp AW, Loffing J, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ. Enhanced passive Ca2+ reabsorption and reduced Mg2+ channel abundance explains thiazide-induced hypocalciuria and hypomagnesemia. J Clin Invest. 2005 Jun. 115(6):1651-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

106. Nijenhuis T, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ. Downregulation of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) transport proteins in the kidney explains tacrolimus (FK506)-induced hypercalciuria and hypomagnesemia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004 Mar. 15(3):549-57. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

107. Garnier AS, Duveau A, Planchais M, Subra JF, Sayegh J, Augusto JF. Serum Magnesium after Kidney Transplantation: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2018 Jun 6. 10 (6):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

108. Chou CL, Chen YH, Chau T, Lin SH. Acquired bartter-like syndrome associated with gentamicin administration. Am J Med Sci. 2005 Mar. 329(3):144-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

109. Ledeganck KJ, Boulet GA, Bogers JJ, Verpooten GA, De Winter BY. The TRPM6/EGF pathway is downregulated in a rat model of cisplatin nephrotoxicity. PLoS One. 2013. 8(2):e57016. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

110. Santi M, Milani GP, Simonetti GD, Fossali EF, Bianchetti MG, Lava SA. Magnesium in cystic fibrosis-Systematic review of the literature. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015 Dec 10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

111. Trapani V, Rosanoff A, Baniasadi S, Barbagallo M, Castiglioni S, Guerrero-Romero F, et al. The relevance of magnesium homeostasis in COVID-19. Eur J Nutr. 2022 Mar. 61 (2):625-636. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

112. Guerrero-Romero F, Mercado M, Rodriguez-Moran M, Ramírez-Renteria C, Martínez-Aguilar G, Marrero-Rodríguez D, et al. Magnesium-to-Calcium Ratio and Mortality from COVID-19. Nutrients. 2022 Apr 19. 14 (9):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

113. Guerrera MP, Volpe SL, Mao JJ. Therapeutic uses of magnesium. Am Fam Physician. 2009 Jul 15. 80(2):157-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

114. Cheungpasitporn W, Thongprayoon C, Qian Q. Dysmagnesemia in Hospitalized Patients: Prevalence and Prognostic Importance. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015 Aug. 90 (8):1001-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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Tibor Fulop, MD, PhD, FACP, FASN Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine; Attending Physician, Medical Services, Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center

Tibor Fulop, MD, PhD, FACP, FASN is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Urgent Care Medicine, American College of Physicians, American Society of Hypertension, American Society of Nephrology, International Society for Apheresis, International Society for Hemodialysis, Magyar Orvosi Kamara (Hungarian Chamber of Medicine)

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mohit Agarwal, MBBS Assistant Professor, Division of Nephrology, Medical College of Wisconsin

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Krishna C Keri, MD, MBBS Fellow in Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin

Krishna C Keri, MD, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Vecihi Batuman, MD, FASN Professor of Medicine, Section of Nephrology-Hypertension, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine

Vecihi Batuman, MD, FASN is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Hypertension, American Society of Nephrology, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mahendra Agraharkar, MD, MBBS, FACP, FASN Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine; President and CEO, Space City Associates of Nephrology

Mahendra Agraharkar, MD, MBBS, FACP, FASN is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Nephrology, and National Kidney Foundation

Disclosure: South Shore DaVita Dialysis Center Ownership interest Other

Jeffrey L Arnold, MD, FACEP Chairman, Department of Emergency Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center

Jeffrey L Arnold, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine and American College of Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Howard A Blumstein, MD, FAAEM Assistant Professor of Surgery, Medical Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine

Howard A Blumstein, MD, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Emergency Medicine Residents Association, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

George P Chrousos, MD, FAAP, MACP, MACE, FRCP(London) Professor and Chair, First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Greece; UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, University of Athens, Greece

George P Chrousos, MD, FAAP, MACP, MACE, FRCP(London) is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Endocrinology, American College of Physicians, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Clinical Investigation, Association of American Physicians, Endocrine Society, Pediatric Endocrine Society, and Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mark T Fahlen, MD Inc

Mark T Fahlen, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and Renal Physicians Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Enrique Grisoni, MD Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Cleveland, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robin R Hemphill, MD, MPH Associate Professor, Director, Quality and Safety, Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine

Robin R Hemphill, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gunjeet K Kala, MD Clinical Instructor, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Buffalo, State University of New York School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo

Gunjeet K Kala, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society of Pediatric Nephrology, and American Society of Pediatric Nephrology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Stephen Kemp, MD, PhD Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Medicine, Arkansas Children's Hospital

Stephen Kemp, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American Pediatric Society, Endocrine Society, Phi Beta Kappa, Southern Medical Association, and Southern Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Nona P Novello, MD Associate Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Franklin Square Hospital

Nona P Novello, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Helbert Rondon-Berrios, MD Nephrology Fellow, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

Helbert Rondon-Berrios, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Nephrology, National Kidney Foundation, and Renal Physicians Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Karl S Roth, MD Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Creighton University School of Medicine

Karl S Roth, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Nutrition, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Clinical Nutrition, American Society of Nephrology, Association of American Medical Colleges, Medical Society of Virginia, New York Academy of Sciences, Sigma Xi, Society for Pediatric Research, andSouthern Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Erik D Schraga, MD Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mills-Peninsula Emergency Medical Associates

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

James H Sondheimer, MD, FACP Associate Professor of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Medical Director of Hemodialysis, Harper University Hospital at Detroit Medical Center; Medical Director, DaVita Greenview Dialysis (Southfield)

James H Sondheimer, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and American Society of Nephrology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

James E Springate, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Buffalo, State University of New York School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Attending Physician, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo

James E Springate, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Physiological Society, American Society of Pediatric Nephrology, International Pediatric Transplant Association, and Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Christie P Thomas, MBBS, FRCP, FASN, FAHA Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical Director, Kidney and Kidney/Pancreas Transplant Program, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics

Christie P Thomas, MBBS, FRCP, FASN, FAHA is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, American Heart Association, American Society of Nephrology, American Society of Transplantation, American Thoracic Society, International Society of Nephrology, and Royal College of Physicians

Disclosure: Genzyme Grant/research funds Other

Mary L Windle, PharmD, Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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