Necrotizing Fasciitis Questions & Answers

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33. National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. Necrotizing Fasciitis: All You Need to Know. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/necrotizing-fasciitis.html. Reviewed June 27, 2022; Accessed: October 11, 2022.

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40. Cheng NC, Chang SC, Kuo YS, Wang JL, Tang YB. Necrotizing fasciitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus resulting in death. A report of three cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 May. 88(5):1107-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Olsen RJ, Sitkiewicz I, Ayeras AA, et al. Decreased necrotizing fasciitis capacity caused by a single nucleotide mutation that alters a multiple gene virulence axis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jan 12. 107(2):888-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

42. Lehman D, Tseng CW, Eells S, et al. Staphylococcus aureus Panton-Valentine leukocidin targets muscle tissues in a child with myositis and necrotizing fasciitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Jan 1. 50(1):69-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Kim HJ, Kim DH, Ko DH. Coagulase-positive staphylococcal necrotizing fasciitis subsequent to shoulder sprain in a healthy woman. Clin Orthop Surg. 2010 Dec. 2(4):256-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

44. Hung TH, Tsai CC, Tsai CC, et al. Liver cirrhosis as a real risk factor for necrotising fasciitis: a three-year population-based follow-up study. Singapore Med J. 2014 Jul. 55(7):378-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Tang WM, Ho PL, Yau WP, Wong JW, Yip DK. Report of 2 fatal cases of adult necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome caused by Streptococcus agalactiae. Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Oct. 31(4):E15-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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47. Parcell BJ, Wilmshurst AD, France AJ, Motta L, Brooks T, Olver WJ. Injection anthrax causing compartment syndrome and necrotising fasciitis. J Clin Pathol. 2011 Jan. 64(1):95-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Tang WM, Fung KK, Cheng VC, Lucke L. Rapidly progressive necrotising fasciitis following a stonefish sting: a report of two cases. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2006 Apr. 14(1):67-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. van Stigt SF, de Vries J, Bijker JB, et al. Review of 58 patients with necrotizing fasciitis in the Netherlands. World J Emerg Surg. 2016. 11:21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

50. Simsek Celik A, Erdem H, Guzey D, et al. Fournier's gangrene: series of twenty patients. Eur Surg Res. 2011. 46(2):82-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Hsiao CT, Weng HH, Yuan YD, Chen CT, Chen IC. Predictors of mortality in patients with necrotizing fasciitis. Am J Emerg Med. 2008 Feb. 26(2):170-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Chang CP, Hsiao CT, Lin CN, Fann WC. Risk factors for mortality in the late amputation of necrotizing fasciitis: a retrospective study. World J Emerg Surg. 2018. 13:45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

53. Lee CY, Kuo LT, Peng KT, Hsu WH, Huang TW, Chou YC. Prognostic factors and monomicrobial necrotizing fasciitis: gram-positive versus gram-negative pathogens. BMC Infect Dis. 2011 Jan 5. 11:5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

54. Adachi S, Takahashi T, Minami K, et al. Predictors of fatal outcome after severe necrotizing fasciitis: Retrospective analysis in a tertiary hospital for 20 years. J Orthop Sci. 2020 May 12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Cheng NC, Su YM, Kuo YS, Tai HC, Tang YB. Factors affecting the mortality of necrotizing fasciitis involving the upper extremities. Surg Today. 2008. 38(12):1108-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Mao JC, Carron MA, Fountain KR, et al. Craniocervical necrotizing fasciitis with and without thoracic extension: management strategies and outcome. Am J Otolaryngol. 2009 Jan-Feb. 30(1):17-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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61. Drake DB, Woods JA, Bill TJ, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in the early diagnosis of group A beta streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis: a case report. J Emerg Med. 1998 May-Jun. 16(3):403-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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65. Sandner A, Moritz S, Unverzagt S, Plontke SK, Metz D. Cervical Necrotizing Fasciitis-The Value of the Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis Score as an Indicative Parameter. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015 Jun 5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Narasimhan V, Ooi G, Weidlich S, Carson P. Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis score for early diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis in Darwin. ANZ J Surg. 2017 Mar 15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Fernando SM, Tran A, Cheng W, et al. Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection: Diagnostic Accuracy of Physical Examination, Imaging, and LRINEC Score: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Surg. 2018 Apr 18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. El-Menyar A, Asim M, Mudali IN, Mekkodathil A, Latifi R, Al-Thani H. The laboratory risk indicator for necrotizing fasciitis (LRINEC) scoring: the diagnostic and potential prognostic role. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2017 Mar 7. 25 (1):28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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Steven A Schulz, MD Clinical Instructor/Faculty in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Fellow in Reconstructive Microsurgery, Department of Plastic Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University College of Medicine

Steven A Schulz, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery, American Society of Plastic Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD David Ross Boyd Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Stewart G Wolf Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Master of the American College of Physicians; Fellow, Infectious Diseases Society of America; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Association of Professors of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Oklahoma State Medical Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

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Richard F Edlich, MD, PhD, FACS, FACEP, FASPS † Former Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Plastic Surgery, Biomedical Engineering and Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia Health Care System

Richard F Edlich, MD, PhD, FACS, FACEP, FASPS is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Burn Association, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Surgeons, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, American Spinal Injury Association, American Surgical Association, American Trauma Society, Plastic Surgery Research Council, Society of University Surgeons, Surgical Infection Society

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William B Long, III, MD, FACS President, Trauma Specialists, LLP; President, Pacific Surgical, PC; Trauma Medical Director, Legacy Emanuel Trauma Center, Legacy Emanuel Hospital

William B Long, III, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Surgeons, American Thoracic Society, American Trauma Society, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, Pacific Coast Surgical Association, Western Trauma Association, North Pacific Surgical Association

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K Dean Gubler, DO, MPH Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University; Consulting Surgeon, Department of Surgery, Pacific Surgical, PC, Mount Hood Medical Center, Good Samaritan Hospital, Legacy Emanuel Hospital Trauma Program

K Dean Gubler, DO, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, Society of Critical Care Medicine

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Joseph U Becker, MD Fellow, Global Health and International Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine

Joseph U Becker, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, Emergency Medicine Residents Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

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Shahin Javaheri, MD Chief, Department of Plastic Surgery, Martinez Veterans Affairs Outpatient Clinic; Consulting Staff, Advanced Aesthetic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery

Shahin Javaheri, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and American Society of Plastic Surgeons

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Wayne Karl Stadelmann, MD Stadelmann Plastic Surgery, PC

Wayne Karl Stadelmann, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Surgeons, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, New Hampshire Medical Society, Northeastern Society of Plastic Surgeons, and Phi Beta Kappa

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Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Research Assistants Julie Garrison and Jennifer Nearants for their assistance with this Medscape Reference article.

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