Medication Summary
The goals of pharmacotherapy are to reduce morbidity and to prevent complications. Intravenous hematin is the treatment of choice, both for treatment of severe acute attacks and for prevention of recurrent attacks. [14] Givosiran, which is given monthly by subcutaneous injection, is a newer treatment option. [21]
RNAi Agents
Givosiran (Givlaari)
Small interfering RNA agents. Via RNA interference, they lead to degradation of aminolevulinate synthase 1 (ALAS1) mRNA in hepatocytes, which in turn lowers elevated liver ALAS1 mRNA levels. This decreases circulating levels of the neurotoxic intermediates aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and porphobilinogen (PBG), both of which are linked to attacks and other manifestations of the acute hepatic porphyrias (AHP).
Blood Components
Hemin (Panhematin)
Provides negative feedback to the heme synthetic pathway and shuts down productions of porphyrins and porphyrin precursors.
Tables
Alcuronium *Alphaxalone Alphadolone Alprazolam Aluminium Preparations Amidopyrine Aminoglutethimide Aminophylline Amiodarone *Amitriptyline [Amphetamines] *Amylobarbitone Antipyrine *Auranofin *Aurothiomalate Azapropazone Baclofen *Barbiturates *Bemegride Bendrofluazide Benoxaprofen Benzbromarone [Benzylthiouracil] [Bepridil] Bromocriptine Busulphan *Butylscopolamine Captopril *Carbamazepine *Carbromal *Carisoprodol [Cefuroxime] [Cephalexin] [Cephalosporins] [Cephradine] [Chlorambucil] *Chloramphenicol *Chlordiazepoxide *Chlormezanone Chloroform *Chlorpropamide Cinnarizine Clemastine [Clobazam] [Clomipramine HCl] [Clonazepam] Clonidine HCl *Clorazepate Cocaine [Colistin] Co-trimoxazole |
Cyclophosphamide Cycloserine Cyclosporin Danazol *Dapsone Dexfenfluramine Dextropropoxyphene Diazepam *Dichloralphenazone *Diclofenac Na Dienoestrol Diethylpropion Dihydralazine *Dihydroergotamine Diltiazem *Dimenhydrinate *Diphenhydramine [Dothiepin HCl] Doxycycline *Dydrogesterone *Econazole NO3 *Enalapril Enflurane *Ergot compounds Ergometrine maleate Ergotamine tartrate *Erythromycin *Estramustine Ethamsylate *Ethanol Ethionamide *Ethosuximide *Ethotoin Etidocaine Etomidate Fenfluramine *Flucloxacillin *Flufenamic acid Flunitrazepam Flupenthixol Flurazepam *Frusemide *Glibenclamide *Glutethimide *Glipizide Gramicidin *Griseofulvin [Haloperidol] *Halothane *Hydantoins *Hydralazine *Hydrochlorothiazide *Hydroxyzine Hyoscine *Imipramine Iproniazid Isometheptene mucate [Isoniazid] Kebuzone Ketoconazole *Levonorgestrel Lignocaine *Lisinopril Loprazolam Loxapine *Lynestrenol Lysuride |
Maleate Maprotiline HCl Mebeverine HCl *Mecillinam *Medroxyprogesterone [Mefenamic acid] Megestrol acetate *Mephenytoin Mepivacaine *Meprobamate Mercaptopurine Mercury compounds Mestranol [Metapramine HCl] Methamphetamine Methohexitone [Methotrexate] [6] Methoxyflurane Methsuximide *Methyldopa *Methylsulphonal *Methyprylone Methysergide *Metoclopramide Metyrapone Mianserin HCl Miconazole [Mifepristone] Minoxidil *Nandrolone *Nalidixic acid Natamycin *Nandrolone [Nicergoline] *Nifedipine *Nikethamide Nitrazepam *Nitrofurantoin Nordazepam Norethynodrel *Norethisterone [Nortriptyline] Novobiocin *Oral contraceptives *Orphenadrine Oxanamide [Oxazepam] Oxybutynin HCl Oxycodone *Oxymetazoline *Oxyphenbutazone Oxytetracycline Paramethadione Pargyline *Pentazocine Perhexiline Phenacetin Phenelzine *Phenobarbitone Phenoxybenzamine *Phensuximide Phenylhydrazine *Phenytoin Pipebuzone Pipemidic Acid Piritramide *Piroxicam |
*Pivampicillin *Pivmecillinam Prazepam Prenylamine *Prilocaine *Primidone [Probenecid] *Progesterone Progabide Promethazine [Propanidid] *Pyrazinamide Pyrrocaine Quinalbarbitone Rifampicin Simvastatin Sodium aurothiomalate Sodium oxybate [Sodium valproate] *Spironolactone Stanozolol Succinimides *Sulfacetamide *Sulfadiazine *Sulfadimidine *Sulfadoxine *Sulfamethoxazole *Sulfasalazine *Sulfonylureas Sulfinpyrazone Sulpiride Sulthiame Sultopride *Tamoxifen *Terfenadine Tetrazepam *Theophylline *Thiopentone Na Thioridazine Tilidate Tinidazole *Tolazamide *Tolbutamide Tranylcypromine Trazodone HCl Trimethoprim [Trimipramine] Troxidone Valproate Valpromide Veralipride *Verapamil *Vibramycin Viloxazine HCl [Vinblastine] [Vincristine] Zuclopenthixol |
*These drugs have been associated with acute attacks of porphyria. †Bracketed [] drugs are those in which experimental evidence of porphyringenicity is conflicting. |
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Acetazolamide acetylcholine Actinomycin D [6] Acyclovir Adenosine monophosphate Adrenaline Alclofenac Allopurinol Alpha tocopheryl Acetate Amethocaine Amiloride Aminocaproic acid Aminoglycosides Amoxicillin Amphotericin Ampicillin Ascorbic acid Aspirin Atenolol Atropine Azathioprine Beclomethasone Benzhexol HCl Beta-carotene Biguanides [Bromazepam] Bromides Buflomedil HCl Bumetanide Bupivacaine Buprenorphine Buserelin Butacaine SO4 Canthaxanthin Carbimazole [Carpipramine HCl] Chloral hydrate [Chlormethiazole] [Chloroquine] [Chlorothiazide] Chlorpheniramine Chlorpromazine Ciprofloxacin Cisapride Cisplatin Clavulanic acid Clofibrate Clomiphene Cloxacillin Co-codamol Codeine phosphate Colchicine [Corticosteroids] Corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH]) |
Coumarins Cyclizine Cyclopenthiazide Cyclopropane [Cyproterone acetate] Danthron Desferrioxamine Dexamethasone [Dextromoramide] Dextrose Diamorphine Diazoxide Dicyclomine HCl Diflunisal Digoxin Dihydrocodeine Dimercaprol Dimethicone Dinoprost Diphenoxylate HCl Dipyridamole [Disopyramide] Domperidone Doxorubicin HCl Droperidol [Estazolam] Ethacrynic acid Ethambutol [Ethinyl oestradiol] Ethoheptazine citrate Etoposide Famotidine Fenbufen [Fenofibrate] Fenoprofen Fentanyl Flucytosine Flumazenil Fluoxetine HCl Flurbiprofen Fluvoxamine Maleate Folic acid Fructose Fusidic acid Follicle-stimulating hormone Gentamicin Glafenine Glucagon Glucose Glyceryl trinitrate Goserelin Guanethidine Guanfacine HCl Haem arginate [Haloperidol] Heparin Heptaminol HCl Hexamine [Hydrocortisone] Ibuprofen Indomethacin Insulin Iron Josamycin [Ketamine] |
Ketoprofen Ketotifen Labetalol Luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone Liquorice Lithium Salts lofepramine Loperamide [Lorazepam] Magnesium-sulphate [Mebendazole] Mecamylamine Meclofenoxate HCl Meclozine Mefloquine HCl [Melphalan] Meptazinol Mequitazine Metformin Methadone [Methotrimeprazine] Methylphenidate Methyluracil Metipropranolol Metopimazine Metoprolol [Metronidazole] [Midazolam] Minaprine HCl Minaxolone Morphine Nadolol Naftidrofuryl Oxalate [Naproxen sodium] Natamycin Nefopam HCl Neostigmine Netilmicin Niflumic acid Nitrous oxide Norfloxacin Ofloxacin Oxolinic acid Oxybuprocaine [Oxyphenbutazone] Oxytocin [Pancuronium bromide] Paracetamol Paraldehyde Parapenzolate Br Penicillamine Penicillin Pentolinium Pericyazine Pethidine Phenformin Phenoperidine Phentolamine mesylate Pipotiazine |
Palmitate Piracetam Pirbuterol Pirenzepine Pizotifen [Prazosin] [Prednisolone] Primaquine Probucol Procainamide HCl Procaine Prochlorperazine Proguanil HCl Promazine Propantheline Br Propofol Propranolol Propylthiouracil [Proxymetacaine] Pseudoephedrine HCl Pyridoxine [Pyrimethamine] Quinidine Quinine [Ranitidine] Reserpine Resorcinol Salbutamol Senna Sodium bromide Sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid Sodium fusidate Sorbitol Streptomycin Sulbutiamine Sulindac Sulfadoxine Suxamethonium Talampicillin Temazepam Tetracaine [Tetracyclines] Thiouracils Thyroxine Tiaprofenic acid Ticarcillin Tienilic acid Timolol maleate Tolazoline Tranexamic acid Triacetyloleandomycin Triamterene Triazolam [Trichlormethiazide] Trifluoperazine Trimeprazine Tartrate Trimetazidine HCl Tripelennamine Tubocurarine Vancomycin [Vincristine] Vitamins Warfarin sodium Zidovudine Zinc preparations |
*Bracketed [] drugs are those in which experimental evidence of porphyrin genicity is conflicting. |
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