Splenomegaly Questions & Answers

1. Chapman J, Goyal A, Azevedo AM. Splenomegaly. 2022 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. Eichner ER. Splenic function: normal, too much and too little. Am J Med. 1979 Feb. 66(2):311-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Poulin EC, Mamazza J, Schlachta CM. Splenic artery embolization before laparoscopic splenectomy. An update. Surg Endosc. 1998 Jun. 12(6):870-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Lewis SM, Williams A, Eisenbarth SC. Structure and function of the immune system in the spleen. Sci Immunol. 2019 Mar 1. 4 (33):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Wintrobe, MM. Disorders of the Spleen. Greer JP, Arber DA, Glader B, List AF, Means RT, Paraskevas F, Rodgers GM, Foerster J. Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology. 13th. Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins; 2014. 1369-1383.

6. Eichner ER, Whitfield CL. Splenomegaly. An algorithmic approach to diagnosis. JAMA. 1981 Dec 18. 246 (24):2858-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Arakawa Y, Shimada M, Utsunomiya T, Imura S, Morine Y, Ikemoto T, et al. Bevacizumab improves splenomegaly and decreases production of hyaluronic acid after L-OHP based chemotherapy. Anticancer Res. 2014 Apr. 34(4):1953-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Koduri PR, Kovarik P. Acute splenic sequestration crisis in an adult with sickle beta-thalassemia. Ann Hematol. 2006 Sep. 85 (9):633-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. O'Reilly RA. Splenomegaly in 2,505 patients at a large university medical center from 1913 to 1995. 1963 to 1995: 449 patients. West J Med. 1998 Aug. 169 (2):88-97. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Butler JR, Eckert GJ, Zyromski NJ, Leonardi MJ, Lillemoe KD, Howard TJ. Natural history of pancreatitis-induced splenic vein thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of its incidence and rate of gastrointestinal bleeding. HPB (Oxford). 2011 Dec. 13(12):839-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

11. Zhu JH, Wang YD, Ye ZY, Zhao T, Zhu YW, Xie ZJ, et al. Laparoscopic versus open splenectomy for hypersplenism secondary to liver cirrhosis. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2009 Jun. 19(3):258-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Anegawa G, Kawanaka H, Uehara H, Akahoshi T, Konishi K, Yoshida D, et al. Effect of laparoscopic splenectomy on portal hypertensive gastropathy in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 Sep. 24(9):1554-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Motta I, Filocamo M, Poggiali E, Stroppiano M, Dragani A, et al. A multicentre observational study for early diagnosis of Gaucher disease in patients with Splenomegaly and/or Thrombocytopenia. Eur J Haematol. 2015 Jun 1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Olson AP, Trappey B, Wagner M, Newman M, Nixon LJ, Schnobrich D. Point-of-care ultrasonography improves the diagnosis of splenomegaly in hospitalized patients. Crit Ultrasound J. 2015 Dec. 7 (1):13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Goldstone J. Splenectomy for massive splenomegaly. Am J Surg. 1978 Mar. 135(3):385-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Laws HL, Burlingame MW, Carpenter JT, Prchal JT, Conrad ME. Splenectomy for hematologic disease. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1979 Oct. 149(4):509-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Musser G, Lazar G, Hocking W, Busuttil RW. Splenectomy for hematologic disease. The UCLA experience with 306 patients. Ann Surg. 1984 Jul. 200(1):40-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

18. Wilhelm MC, Jones RE, McGehee R, et al. Splenectomy in hematologic disorders. The ever-changing indications. Ann Surg. 1988 May. 207(5):581-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

19. Flowers JL, Lefor AT, Steers J, et al. Laparoscopic splenectomy in patients with hematologic diseases. Ann Surg. 1996 Jul. 224(1):19-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

20. Naples R, Bertke A, Fafaj A, Zolin SJ, Thomas JD, Petro C, et al. The Diagnostic Utility of Splenectomy in Idiopathic Splenomegaly. World J Surg. 2020 May 11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Wang KX, Hu SY, Zhang GY, Chen B, Zhang HF. Hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy for splenomegaly: a comparative study with conventional laparoscopic splenectomy. Chin Med J (Engl). 2007 Jan 5. 120(1):41-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

22. Mosquera-Klinger G, de la Serna Higuera C, Bazaga S, García-Alonso FJ, Sánchez Ocaña R, Antolín Melero B, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration for splenomegaly and focal splenic lesion: is it safe, effective and necessary?. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2020 May. 112 (5):355-359. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Bezerra AS, D''Ippolito G, Faintuch S, Szejnfeld J, Ahmed M. Determination of splenomegaly by CT: is there a place for a single measurement?. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005 May. 184(5):1510-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

24. Subhasis RC, Rajiv C, Kumar SA, Kumar AV, Kumar PA. Surgical treatment of massive splenomegaly and severe hypersplenism secondary to extrahepatic portal venous obstruction in children. Surg Today. 2007. 37(1):19-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Owusu-Ofori S, Remmington T. Splenectomy versus conservative management for acute sequestration crises in people with sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Sep 7. 9:CD003425. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Lavrenkov K, Krepel-Volsky S, Levi I, Ariad S. Low dose palliative radiotherapy for splenomegaly in hematologic disorders. Leuk Lymphoma. 2012 Mar. 53(3):430-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Bruns F, Bremer M, Dettmer A, Janssen S. Low-dose splenic irradiation in symptomatic congestive splenomegaly: report of five cases with literature data. Radiat Oncol. 2014 Mar 27. 9:86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

28. Zaorsky NG, Williams GR, Barta SK, Esnaola NF, Kropf PL, Hayes SB, et al. Splenic irradiation for splenomegaly: A systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev. 2017 Feb. 53:47-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Verstovsek S, Mesa RA, Gotlib J, Levy RS, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ruxolitinib for myelofibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2012 Mar 1. 366 (9):799-807. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Mistry PK, Lukina E, Ben Turkia H, Amato D, Baris H, et al. Effect of oral eliglustat on splenomegaly in patients with Gaucher disease type 1: the ENGAGE randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015 Feb 17. 313 (7):695-706. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Kawanaka H, Akahoshi T, Kinjo N, et al. Technical standardization of laparoscopic splenectomy harmonized with hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery for patients with liver cirrhosis and hypersplenism. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2009. 16(6):749-57. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Xu WL, Li SL, Wang Y, Shi BJ, Li M, Li YC, et al. Laparoscopic splenectomy: color Doppler flow imaging for preoperative evaluation. Chin Med J (Engl). 2009 May 20. 122(10):1203-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Vannucchi AM, Barbui T. Thrombocytosis and thrombosis. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2007. 363-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Khan PN, Nair RJ, Olivares J, Tingle LE, Li Z. Postsplenectomy reactive thrombocytosis. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2009 Jan. 22 (1):9-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Lee DH, Barmparas G, Fierro N, Sun BJ, Ashrafian S, Li T, et al. Splenectomy is associated with a higher risk for venous thromboembolism: A prospective cohort study. Int J Surg. 2015 Dec. 24 (Pt A):27-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Shaw JH, Print CG. Postsplenectomy sepsis. Br J Surg. 1989 Oct. 76(10):1074-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Kim DK, Riley LE, Harriman KH, Hunter P, Bridges CB, Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older, United States, 2017. Ann Intern Med. 2017 Feb 7. 166 (3):209-219. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. [Guideline] Davies JM, Barnes R, Milligan D, British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Working Party of the Haematology/Oncology Task Force. Update of guidelines for the prevention and treatment of infection in patients with an absent or dysfunctional spleen. Clin Med (Lond). 2002 Sep-Oct. 2 (5):440-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Davies JM, Lewis MP, Wimperis J, Rafi I, Ladhani S, Bolton-Maggs PH, et al. Review of guidelines for the prevention and treatment of infection in patients with an absent or dysfunctional spleen: prepared on behalf of the British Committee for Standards in Haematology by a working party of the Haemato-Oncology task force. Br J Haematol. 2011 Nov. 155 (3):308-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Ginzel AW, Kransdorf MJ, Peterson JJ, Garner HW, Murphey MD. Mass-like extramedullary hematopoiesis: imaging features. Skeletal Radiol. 2011 Nov 20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Robert A Franklin, MD Fellow in Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ronald A Sacher, MD, FRCPC, DTM&H Professor Emeritus of Internal Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Emeritus Director, Hoxworth Blood Center, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center

Ronald A Sacher, MD, FRCPC, DTM&H is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Blood Banks, American Clinical and Climatological Association, American Society for Clinical Pathology, American Society of Hematology, College of American Pathologists, International Society of Blood Transfusion, International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Emmanuel C Besa, MD Professor Emeritus, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University

Emmanuel C Besa, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Education, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American College of Clinical Pharmacology, American Federation for Medical Research, American Society of Hematology, New York Academy of Sciences

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gina M Matacia-Murphy, MD Fellow in Hematology/Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine

Gina M Matacia-Murphy, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Clinical Oncology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Neetu Radhakrishnan, MD Medical Oncologist, Kettering Cancer Care

Neetu Radhakrishnan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Hematology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Wadie F Bahou, MD Chief, Division of Hematology, Hematology/Oncology Fellowship Director, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook

Wadie F Bahou, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Hematology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David Coffman, MD Fellow, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Marcel E Conrad, MD Distinguished Professor of Medicine (Retired), University of South Alabama College of Medicine

Marcel E Conrad, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Blood Banks, American Chemical Society, American College of Physicians, American Physiological Society, American Society for Clinical Investigation, American Society of Hematology, Association of American Physicians, Association of Military Surgeons of the US, International Society of Hematology, Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, and Southwest Oncology Group

Disclosure: No financial interests None None

Emmanuel N Dessypris, MD Professor of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia; Chief, Medical Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Emmanuel N Dessypris, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Physicians, American Society of Hematology, New York Academy of Sciences, Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, and Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David J Draper, MD Fellow, Department of Hematology/Oncology, The University Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Lewis J Kaplan, MD, FACS, FCCM, FCCP Director, SICU and Surgical Critical Care Fellowship, Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Section of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, and Surgical Emergencies, Yale University School of Medicine

Lewis J Kaplan, MD, FACS, FCCM, FCCP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, American College of Surgeons, Association for Academic Surgery, Association for Surgical Education, Connecticut State Medical Society, Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma, International Trauma Anesthesia and Critical Care Society, Society for the Advancement of Blood Management, Society of Critical Care Medicine, and Surgical Infection Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

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