Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Differential Diagnoses

1. Greaves M. A causal mechanism for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Nat Rev Cancer. 2018 May 21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Curtis RE, Freedman DM, Ron E, Ries LAG, Hacker DG, Edwards BK, et al. New Malignancies Among Cancer Survivors, SEER Cancer Registries, 1973-2000. NIH Publication Number 05-5302. Bethesda, Maryland: National Cancer Institute; 2006.

3. Tan M, Fong R, Lo M, Young R. Lenalidomide and secondary acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a case series. Hematol Oncol. 2017 Mar. 35 (1):130-134. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Rosenberg AS, Brunson A, Paulus JK, Tuscano J, Wun T, Keegan THM, et al. Secondary acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a distinct clinical entity with prognostic significance. Blood Cancer J. 2017 Sep 8. 7 (9):e605. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Andersen MK, Christiansen DH, Jensen BA, Ernst P, Hauge G, Pedersen-Bjergaard J. Therapy-related acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with MLL rearrangements following DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors, an increasing problem: report on two new cases and review of the literature since 1992. Br J Haematol. 2001 Sep. 114 (3):539-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Perez-Andreu V, Roberts KG, Xu H, et al. A genome-wide association study of susceptibility to acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adolescents and young adults. Blood. 2015 Jan 22. 125 (4):680-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Hernández-González O, Ortiz-Zamudio JJ, Rodríguez-Pinal CJ, Alvarado-Morales I, Martínez-Jiménez VDC, Salazar-González RA, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of arylamine N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2 and the likelihood of developing pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2017 Dec 7. 1-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Pei JS, Chou AK, Hsu PC, Tsai CW, Chang WS, Wu MF, et al. Contribution of Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 Genotypes to the Risk of Non-solid Tumor, Childhood Leukemia. Anticancer Res. 2017 Dec. 37 (12):6679-6684. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Gutierrez-Camino A, Martin-Guerrero I, García-Orad A. Genetic susceptibility in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Med Oncol. 2017 Sep 13. 34 (10):179. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Cancer Stat Facts: Leukemia — Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL). National Institutes of Health. Available at https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/alyl.html. Accessed: April 13, 2023.

11. Cancer Facts & Figures 2023. American Cancer Society. Available at https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2023/2023-cancer-facts-and-figures.pdf. Accessed: April 13, 2023.

12. Steliarova-Foucher E, Colombet M, Ries LAG, Moreno F, Dolya A, Bray F, et al. International incidence of childhood cancer, 2001-10: a population-based registry study. Lancet Oncol. 2017 Jun. 18 (6):719-731. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

13. Igwe IJ, Yang D, Merchant A, Merin N, Yaghmour G, Kelly K, et al. The presence of Philadelphia chromosome does not confer poor prognosis in adult pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in the tyrosine kinase inhibitor era - a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database analysis. Br J Haematol. 2017 Nov. 179 (4):618-626. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Czuczman MS, Dodge RK, Stewart CC, Frankel SR, Davey FR, Powell BL, et al. Value of immunophenotype in intensively treated adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: cancer and leukemia Group B study 8364. Blood. 1999 Jun 1. 93(11):3931-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Preti HA, Huh YO, O'Brien SM, Andreeff M, Pierce ST, Keating M, et al. Myeloid markers in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia. Correlations with patient and disease characteristics and with prognosis. Cancer. 1995 Nov 1. 76(9):1564-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Issa GC, Kantarjian HM, Yin CC, Qiao W, Ravandi F, Thomas D, et al. Prognostic impact of pretreatment cytogenetics in adult Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the era of minimal residual disease. Cancer. 2017 Feb 1. 123 (3):459-467. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Berry DA, Zhou S, Higley H, Mukundan L, Fu S, Reaman GH, et al. Association of Minimal Residual Disease With Clinical Outcome in Pediatric and Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2017 Jul 13. 3 (7):e170580. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Patel S, Mason CC, Glenn MJ, Paxton CN, South ST, Cessna MH, et al. Genomic analysis of adult B-ALL identifies potential markers of shorter survival. Leuk Res. 2017 May. 56:44-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Liu Y, Easton J, Shao Y, et al. The genomic landscape of pediatric and young adult T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Genet. 2017 Aug. 49 (8):1211-1218. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. [Guideline] NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Available at http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/all.pdf. Version 1.2022 — April 4, 2022; Accessed: April 13, 2023.

21. Arber DA, Orazi A, Hasserjian R, Thiele J, Borowitz MJ, Le Beau MM, et al. The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia. Blood. 2016 May 19. 127 (20):2391-405. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Roberts KG, Li Y, Payne-Turner D, et al. Targetable kinase-activating lesions in Ph-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2014 Sep 11. 371 (11):1005-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Reshmi SC, Harvey RC, Roberts KG, et al. Targetable kinase gene fusions in high-risk B-ALL: a study from the Children's Oncology Group. Blood. 2017 Jun 22. 129 (25):3352-3361. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Heerema NA, Carroll AJ, Devidas M, Loh ML, Borowitz MJ, Gastier-Foster JM, et al. Intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 is associated with inferior outcomes in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated in contemporary standard-risk children's oncology group studies: a report from the children's oncology group. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Sep 20. 31 (27):3397-402. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Harrison CJ, Moorman AV, Schwab C, et al. An international study of intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21): cytogenetic characterization and outcome. Leukemia. 2014 May. 28 (5):1015-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Coustan-Smith E, Mullighan CG, Onciu M, Behm FG, Raimondi SC, Pei D, et al. Early T-cell precursor leukaemia: a subtype of very high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet Oncol. 2009 Feb. 10 (2):147-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Zhang J, Ding L, Holmfeldt L, et al. The genetic basis of early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Nature. 2012 Jan 11. 481 (7380):157-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Kantarjian H, Thomas D, O'Brien S, Cortes J, Giles F, Jeha S, et al. Long-term follow-up results of hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone (Hyper-CVAD), a dose-intensive regimen, in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer. 2004 Dec 15. 101(12):2788-801. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Maury S, Chevret S, Thomas X, Heim D, Leguay T, Huguet F, et al. Rituximab in B-Lineage Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2016 Sep 15. 375 (11):1044-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Fiere D, Extra JM, David B, Witz F, Vernand JP, Gastaut JA, et al. Treatment of 218 adult acute lymphoblastic leukemias. Semin Oncol. 1987 Jun. 14(2 Suppl 1):64-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Hoelzer D, Thiel E, Löffler H, Bodenstein H, Plaumann L, Büchner T, et al. Intensified therapy in acute lymphoblastic and acute undifferentiated leukemia in adults. Blood. 1984 Jul. 64(1):38-47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Durrant IJ, Prentice HG, Richards SM. Intensification of treatment for adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: results of U.K. Medical Research Council randomized trial UKALL XA. Medical Research Council Working Party on Leukaemia in Adults. Br J Haematol. 1997 Oct. 99(1):84-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. [Guideline] Hoelzer D, Bassan R, Dombret H, Fielding A, Ribera JM, Buske C, et al. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in adult patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2016 Apr 7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

34. Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version. National Cancer Institute. Available at https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/hp/child-all-treatment-pdq#. April 11, 2023; Accessed: April 15, 2023.

35. Shahzad M, Hussain A, Tariq E, Anwar I, Faisal MS, Syed L, et al. Outcomes of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Maintenance Therapy with or without Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Philadelphia Chromosome Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in First Complete Remission: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2023 Mar. 23 (3):178-187. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Toksvang LN, Lee SHR, Yang JJ, Schmiegelow K. Maintenance therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: basic science and clinical translations. Leukemia. 2022 Jul. 36 (7):1749-1758. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

37. Wudhikarn K, King AC, Geyer MB, Roshal M, Bernal Y, Gyurkocza B, et al. Outcomes of relapsed B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia after sequential treatment with blinatumomab and inotuzumab. Blood Adv. 2022 Mar 8. 6 (5):1432-1443. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

38. Cortes J, O'Brien SM, Pierce S, Keating MJ, Freireich EJ, Kantarjian HM. The value of high-dose systemic chemotherapy and intrathecal therapy for central nervous system prophylaxis in different risk groups of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 1995 Sep 15. 86(6):2091-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version. National Cancer Institute. Available at https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/hp/adult-all-treatment-pdq#section_5.31. February 24, 2023; Accessed: April 17, 2023.

40. Thomas TA, Kantarjian H, Faderl S, et al. Update of the modified hyper-CVAD regimen with or without rituximab as frontline therapy of adults with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) or lymphoblastic lymphoma (LL) [abstract]. Blood. 2007. 110:2824a. [Full Text].

41. Qi Y, Zhao M, Hu Y, Wang Y, Li P, Cao J, et al. Efficacy and safety of CD19-specific CAR T cell-based therapy in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients with CNSL. Blood. 2022 Jun 9. 139 (23):3376-3386. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

42. Thomas DA, Faderl S, Cortes J, O'Brien S, Giles FJ, Kornblau SM, et al. Treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphocytic leukemia with hyper-CVAD and imatinib mesylate. Blood. 2004 Jun 15. 103(12):4396-407. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Daver N, Thomas D, Ravandi F, Cortes J, Garris R, Jabbour E, et al. Final report of a phase II study of imatinib mesylate with hyper-CVAD for the front-line treatment of adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica. 2015 May. 100 (5):653-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Ludwig WD, Rieder H, Bartram CR, Heinze B, Schwartz S, Gassmann W, et al. Immunophenotypic and genotypic features, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcome of adult pro-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of the German multicenter trials GMALL 03/87 and 04/89. Blood. 1998 Sep 15. 92(6):1898-909. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Fielding AK, Rowe JM, Buck G, Foroni L, Gerrard G, Litzow MR, et al. UKALLXII/ECOG2993: addition of imatinib to a standard treatment regimen enhances long-term outcomes in Philadelphia positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2014 Feb 6. 123 (6):843-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Wetzler M, Watson D, Stock W, Koval G, Mulkey FA, Hoke EE, et al. Autologous transplantation for Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia achieves outcomes similar to allogeneic transplantation: results of CALGB Study 10001 (Alliance). Haematologica. 2014 Jan. 99 (1):111-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Tanguy-Schmidt A, Rousselot P, Chalandon Y, Cayuela JM, Hayette S, Vekemans MC, et al. Long-term follow-up of the imatinib GRAAPH-2003 study in newly diagnosed patients with de novo Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a GRAALL study. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2013 Jan. 19 (1):150-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Yanada M, Takeuchi J, Sugiura I, Akiyama H, Usui N, Yagasaki F, et al. High complete remission rate and promising outcome by combination of imatinib and chemotherapy for newly diagnosed BCR-ABL-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a phase II study by the Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jan 20. 24 (3):460-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Bassan R, Rossi G, Pogliani EM, Di Bona E, Angelucci E, Cavattoni I, et al. Chemotherapy-phased imatinib pulses improve long-term outcome of adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Northern Italy Leukemia Group protocol 09/00. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Aug 1. 28 (22):3644-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Kantarjian H, Giles F, Wunderle L, Bhalla K, O'Brien S, Wassmann B, et al. Nilotinib in imatinib-resistant CML and Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 15. 354(24):2542-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Kim DY, et al; Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Working Party of the Korean Society of Hematology. Nilotinib combined with multiagent chemotherapy for newly diagnosed Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2015 Aug 6. 126 (6):746-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

52. Talpaz M, Shah NP, Kantarjian H, Donato N, Nicoll J, Paquette R, et al. Dasatinib in imatinib-resistant Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jun 15. 354(24):2531-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Foa R, Vitale A, Vignetti M, et al. Dasatinib as first-line treatment for adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2011 Dec 15. 118(25):6521-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Ravandi F, O'Brien SM, Cortes JE, Thomas DM, Garris R, Faderl S, et al. Long-term follow-up of a phase 2 study of chemotherapy plus dasatinib for the initial treatment of patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. 2015 Dec 1. 121 (23):4158-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Rousselot P, Coudé MM, Gokbuget N, et al. Dasatinib and low-intensity chemotherapy in elderly patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL. Blood. 2016 Aug 11. 128 (6):774-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Foà R, et al; GIMEMA Investigators. Dasatinib-Blinatumomab for Ph-Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Adults. N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 22. 383 (17):1613-1623. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Iclusig (ponatinib) [package insert]. Cambridge, MA.: Ariad Pharmaceuticals, Inc. December 2013. Available at [Full Text].

58. Sasaki K, Jabbour EJ, Ravandi F, Short NJ, Thomas DA, Garcia-Manero G, et al. Hyper-CVAD plus ponatinib versus hyper-CVAD plus dasatinib as frontline therapy for patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A propensity score analysis. Cancer. 2016 Dec 1. 122 (23):3650-3656. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Stock W, La M, Sanford B, Bloomfield CD, Vardiman JW, Gaynon P, et al. What determines the outcomes for adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on cooperative group protocols? A comparison of Children's Cancer Group and Cancer and Leukemia Group B studies. Blood. 2008 Sep 1. 112 (5):1646-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

60. Boissel N, Auclerc MF, Lhéritier V, Perel Y, Thomas X, Leblanc T, et al. Should adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia be treated as old children or young adults? Comparison of the French FRALLE-93 and LALA-94 trials. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Mar 1. 21(5):774-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Ribera JM, Oriol A, Sanz MA, Tormo M, Fernández-Abellán P, del Potro E, et al. Comparison of the results of the treatment of adolescents and young adults with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the Programa Español de Tratamiento en Hematología pediatric-based protocol ALL-96. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Apr 10. 26 (11):1843-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. DeAngelo DJ, Stevenson KE, Dahlberg SE, Silverman LB, Couban S, Supko JG, et al. Long-term outcome of a pediatric-inspired regimen used for adults aged 18-50 years with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia. 2015 Mar. 29 (3):526-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Seftel MD, Neuberg D, Zhang MJ, et al. Pediatric-inspired therapy compared to allografting for Philadelphia chromosome-negative adult ALL in first complete remission. Am J Hematol. 2016 Mar. 91 (3):322-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Alabdulwahab AS, Elsayed HG, Sherisher MA, Zeeneldin A, Alghamdi K, Elbjeirami WM. The Dana Farber consortium protocol (DFCP) vs. classic Hyper-CVAD for treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in patients Leuk Res</i>. 2017 Sep. 60:58-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Rytting ME, Jabbour EJ, Jorgensen JL, Ravandi F, Franklin AR, Kadia TM, et al. Final results of a single institution experience with a pediatric-based regimen, the augmented Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster, in adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and comparison to the hyper-CVAD regimen. Am J Hematol. 2016 Aug. 91 (8):819-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Hunault M, Harousseau JL, Delain M, Truchan-Graczyk M, Cahn JY, Witz F, et al. Better outcome of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia after early genoidentical allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) than after late high-dose therapy and autologous BMT: a GOELAMS trial. Blood. 2004 Nov 15. 104(10):3028-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Attal M, Blaise D, Marit G, Payen C, Michallet M, Vernant JP, et al. Consolidation treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a prospective, randomized trial comparing allogeneic versus autologous bone marrow transplantation and testing the impact of recombinant interleukin-2 after autologous bone marrow transplantation. BGMT Group. Blood. 1995 Aug 15. 86(4):1619-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Fiere D, Archimbaud E, Extra JM, Marty M, David B, Witz F, et al. Treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Preliminary results of a trial from the French Group. Haematol Blood Transfus. 1987. 30:125-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Rowe JM, Buck G, Burnett AK, Chopra R, Wiernik PH, Richards SM, et al. Induction therapy for adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of more than 1500 patients from the international ALL trial: MRC UKALL XII/ECOG E2993. Blood. 2005 Dec 1. 106(12):3760-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Martino R, Bellido M, Brunet S, Sureda A, Peyret M, Guárdia R, et al. Allogeneic or autologous stem cell transplantation following salvage chemotherapy for adults with refractory or relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1998 May. 21(10):1023-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Weisdorf DJ, Billett AL, Hannan P, Ritz J, Sallan SE, Steinbuch M, et al. Autologous versus unrelated donor allogeneic marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 1997 Oct 15. 90(8):2962-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Anasetti C, Logan BR, Lee SJ, Waller EK, Weisdorf DJ, Wingard JR, et al. Peripheral-blood stem cells versus bone marrow from unrelated donors. N Engl J Med. 2012 Oct 18. 367(16):1487-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

73. Jeha S, Gaynon PS, Razzouk BI, Franklin J, Kadota R, Shen V, et al. Phase II study of clofarabine in pediatric patients with refractory or relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Apr 20. 24 (12):1917-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

74. Jeha S, Razzouk B, Rytting M, Rheingold S, Albano E, Kadota R, et al. Phase II study of clofarabine in pediatric patients with refractory or relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Sep 10. 27 (26):4392-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

75. Berg SL, Blaney SM, Devidas M, Lampkin TA, Murgo A, Bernstein M, et al. Phase II study of nelarabine (compound 506U78) in children and young adults with refractory T-cell malignancies: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 20. 23 (15):3376-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

76. Marqibo (vincristine liposomal) [package insert]. South San Francisco, CA: Talon Therapeutics, Inc. August 2012. Available at [Full Text].

77. Topp MS, Gokbuget N, Zugmaier G, Klappers P, Stelljes M, Neumann S, et al. Phase II Trial of the Anti-CD19 Bispecific T Cell-Engager Blinatumomab Shows Hematologic and Molecular Remissions in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory B-Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Nov 10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Topp MS. Confirmatory open-label, single-arm, multicenter phase 2 study of the BiTE antibody blinatumomab in patients (pts) with relapsed/refractory B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (r/r ALL). Presented at the 2014 ASCO Annual Meeting, May 30 – June 3, 2014; Chicago, IL. J Clin Oncol 32:5s, 2014 (suppl; abstr 7005). [Full Text].

79. Kantarjian H, Stein A, Gökbuget N, Fielding AK, Schuh AC, et al. Blinatumomab versus Chemotherapy for Advanced Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2017 Mar 2. 376 (9):836-847. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Rambaldi A, Huguet F, Zak P, Cannell P, Tran Q, Franklin J, et al. Blinatumomab consolidation and maintenance therapy in adults with relapsed/refractory B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood Adv. 2020 Apr 14. 4 (7):1518-1525. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

81. Goekbuget, N, Dombret, H, Bonifacio, M, et al. BLAST: a confirmatory, single-arm, phase 2 study of blinatumomab, a bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE®) antibody construct, in patients with minimal residual disease B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Blood. 2014. 124 (21):379. [Full Text].

82. Kantarjian HM, DeAngelo DJ, Stelljes M, et al. Inotuzumab Ozogamicin versus Standard Therapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2016. 375:740-753. [Full Text].

83. CAR T Cells: Engineering Patients’ Immune Cells to Treat Their Cancers. National Cancer Institute. Available at https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/research/car-t-cells#option. March 10, 2022; Accessed: April 13, 2023.

84. Smith M, Goodman B. FDA Approves First-of-Its-Kind Cancer Treatment. Medscape Medical News. Available at https://www.webmd.com/cancer/lymphoma/news/20170830/fda-approves-breakthrough-cancer-treatment. August 30, 2017; Accessed: March 30, 2021.

85. FDA approval brings first gene therapy to the United States. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Available at https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm574058.htm. August 30, 2017; Accessed: June 20, 2019.

86. Kymriah (tisagenlecleucel) [package insert]. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. May 2018. Available at [Full Text].

87. FDA approves brexucabtagene autoleucel for relapsed or refractory B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-brexucabtagene-autoleucel-relapsed-or-refractory-b-cell-precursor-acute-lymphoblastic. October 1, 2021; Accessed: April 13, 2023.

88. Shah BD, Ghobadi A, Oluwole OO, et al. KTE-X19 for relapsed or refractory adult B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: phase 2 results of the single-arm, open-label, multicentre ZUMA-3 study. Lancet. 2021 Aug 7. 398 (10299):491-502. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. Ottmann OG, Hoelzer D, Gracien E, Ganser A, Kelly K, Reutzel R, et al. Concomitant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and induction chemoradiotherapy in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a randomized phase III trial. Blood. 1995 Jul 15. 86 (2):444-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

90. Geissler K, Koller E, Hubmann E, Niederwieser D, Hinterberger W, Geissler D, et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor as an adjunct to induction chemotherapy for adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia--a randomized phase-III study. Blood. 1997 Jul 15. 90(2):590-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. Larson RA, Dodge RK, Linker CA, Stone RM, Powell BL, Lee EJ, et al. A randomized controlled trial of filgrastim during remission induction and consolidation chemotherapy for adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: CALGB study 9111. Blood. 1998 Sep 1. 92(5):1556-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. Bassan R, Lerede T, Di Bona E, Rossi G, Pogliani E, Rambaldi A, et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF, filgrastim) after or during an intensive remission induction therapy for adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: effects, role of patient pretreatment characteristics, and costs. Leuk Lymphoma. 1997 Jun. 26(1-2):153-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Ifrah N, Witz F, Jouet JP, François S, Lamy T, Linassier C, et al. Intensive short term therapy with granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor support, similar to therapy for acute myeloblastic leukemia, does not improve overall results for adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. GOELAMS Group. Cancer. 1999 Oct 15. 86(8):1496-505. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Thomas X, Boiron JM, Huguet F, Reman O, Sutton L, Turlure P, et al. Efficacy of granulocyte and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors in the induction treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a multicenter randomized study. Hematol J. 2004. 5(5):384-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

95. Cortes J, Moore JO, Maziarz RT, Wetzler M, Craig M, Matous J, et al. Control of plasma uric acid in adults at risk for tumor Lysis syndrome: efficacy and safety of rasburicase alone and rasburicase followed by allopurinol compared with allopurinol alone--results of a multicenter phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Sep 20. 28(27):4207-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Arber DA, Borowitz MJ, Cessna M, Etzell J, Foucar K, Hasserjian RP, et al. Initial Diagnostic Workup of Acute Leukemia: Guideline From the College of American Pathologists and the American Society of Hematology. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2017 Feb 22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

97. Oliansky DM, Larson RA, Weisdorf D, Dillon H, Ratko TA, Wall D, et al. The role of cytotoxic therapy with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: update of the 2006 evidence-based review. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2012 Jan. 18 (1):18-36.e6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Karen Seiter, MD Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology/Hematology, New York Medical College

Karen Seiter, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American College of Physicians, American Society of Hematology

Disclosure: Received honoraria from Novartis for speaking and teaching; Received consulting fee from Novartis for speaking and teaching; Received honoraria from Celgene for speaking and teaching.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Ronald A Sacher, MD, FRCPC, DTM&H Professor Emeritus of Internal Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Emeritus Director, Hoxworth Blood Center, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center

Ronald A Sacher, MD, FRCPC, DTM&H is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Blood Banks, American Clinical and Climatological Association, American Society for Clinical Pathology, American Society of Hematology, College of American Pathologists, International Society of Blood Transfusion, International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Emmanuel C Besa, MD Professor Emeritus, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University

Emmanuel C Besa, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Education, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American College of Clinical Pharmacology, American Federation for Medical Research, American Society of Hematology, New York Academy of Sciences

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Clarence Sarkodee Adoo, MD, FACP Consulting Staff, Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, City of Hope Samaritan BMT Program

Clarence Sarkodee Adoo, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Society of Hematology, American Society of Clinical Oncology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article