Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphomas (MALTomas) Differential Diagnoses

1. Glickman MS, Pamer EG. Cell-Mediated Defense against Infection. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier; 2010. 129-50.

2. Bufo P. Academic lesson; 1999. The MALTomas.

3. Santacroce L. Academic lesson; 1997. Anatomy, physiology and surgical pathophysiology of the MALT.

4. Zucca E, Bertoni F. The spectrum of MALT lymphoma at different sites: biological and therapeutic relevance. Blood. 2016 Apr 28. 127 (17):2082-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

5. Beagley KW, Elson CO. Cells and cytokines in mucosal immunity and inflammation. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1992 Jun. 21(2):347-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Featherstone C. M cells: portals to the mucosal immune system. Lancet. 1997 Oct 25. 350(9086):1230. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Hamzaoui N, Pringault E. Interaction of microorganisms, epithelium, and lymphoid cells of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 Nov 17. 859:65-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Dubois B, Barthélémy C, Durand I, et al. Toward a role of dendritic cells in the germinal center reaction: triggering of B cell proliferation and isotype switching. J Immunol. 1999 Mar 15. 162(6):3428-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

9. Delves PJ, Roitt IM. The immune system. First of two parts. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jul 6. 343(1):37-49. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Delves PJ, Roitt IM. The immune system. Second of two parts. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jul 13. 343(2):108-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Chin YH, Cai JP, Hieselaar T. Lymphocyte migration into mucosal lymphoid tissues: mechanism and modulation. Immunol Res. 1991. 10(3-4):271-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Keren DF. Intestinal mucosal immune defense mechanisms. Am J Surg Pathol. 1988. 12 suppl 1:100-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Rosebeck S, Lucas PC, McAllister-Lucas LM. Protease activity of the API2-MALT1 fusion oncoprotein in MALT lymphoma development and treatment. Future Oncol. 2011 May. 7(5):613-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

14. Stolte M, Bayerdörffer E, Morgner A, et al. Helicobacter and gastric MALT lymphoma. Gut. 2002 May. 50 Suppl 3:III19-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

15. Rodríguez-Sevilla JJ, Salar A. Recent Advances in the Genetic of MALT Lymphomas. Cancers (Basel). 2021 Dec 30. 14 (1):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

16. Pérez de Diego R, Sánchez-Ramón S, López-Collazo E, Martínez-Barricarte R, Cubillos-Zapata C, Ferreira Cerdán A, et al. Genetic errors of the human caspase recruitment domain-B-cell lymphoma 10-mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma-translocation gene 1 (CBM) complex: Molecular, immunologic, and clinical heterogeneity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015 Nov. 136 (5):1139-49. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

17. Nocturne G, Virone A, Ng WF, Le Guern V, Hachulla E, Cornec D, et al. Rheumatoid Factor and Disease Activity Are Independent Predictors of Lymphoma in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016 Apr. 68 (4):977-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. [Guideline] National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: B-Cell Lymphomas, Version 5.2021. NCCN.org. Available at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/b-cell.pdf. September 22, 2021; Accessed: September 22, 2021.

19. Cavalli F, Isaacson PG, Gascoyne RD, Zucca E. MALT Lymphomas. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2001. 241-58. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

20. Fung CY, Grossbard ML, Linggood RM, et al. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the stomach: long term outcome after local treatment. Cancer. 1999 Jan 1. 85(1):9-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

21. Chen T, Cen L, Xiao R, Yang JH, Jiang NK, Lu XZ, et al. [Prognostic value of t(11; 18) (q21; q21) for gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi. 2012 Apr. 29(2):181-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Perry C, Herishanu Y, Metzer U, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of PET/CT in patients with extranodal marginal zone MALT lymphoma. Eur J Haematol. 2007 Sep. 79(3):205-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Thieblemont C, Cascione L, Conconi A, Kiesewetter B, Raderer M, Gaidano G, et al. A MALT lymphoma prognostic index. Blood. 2017 Sep 21. 130 (12):1409-1417. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

24. Hong J, Cho J, Ko YH, Kim SJ, Kim WS. Validation of the Marginal Zone Lymphoma International Prognostic Index. Ann Hematol. 2019 Feb. 98 (2):457-464. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Fischbach W, Schramm S, Goebeler E. Outcome and quality of life favour a conservative treatment of patients with primary gastric lymphoma. Z Gastroenterol. 2011 Apr. 49(4):430-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Chen Y, Inobe J, Marks R, et al. Peripheral deletion of antigen-reactive T cells in oral tolerance. Nature. 1995 Jul 13. 376(6536):177-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Bachert C, Möller P. [The tonsils as MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) of the nasal mucosa] [German]. Laryngorhinootologie. 1990 Oct. 69(10):515-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Kracke A, Hiller AS, Tschernig T, et al. Larynx-associated lymphoid tissue (LALT) in young children. Anat Rec. 1997 Jul. 248(3):413-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Lugton I. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues as sites for uptake, carriage and excretion of tubercle bacilli and other pathogenic mycobacteria. Immunol Cell Biol. 1999 Aug. 77(4):364-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Ferreri AJ, Assanelli A, Crocchiolo R, et al. Therapeutic management of ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007 Jun. 8(8):1073-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Wündisch T, Dieckhoff P, Greene B, Thiede C, Wilhelm C, Stolte M, et al. Second Cancers and Residual Disease in Patients Treated for Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma by Helicobacter pyloriEradication and Followed for 10 Years. Gastroenterology. 2012 Jun 27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Gong EJ, Ahn JY, Jung HY, Park H, Ko YB, Na HK, et al. Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy Is Effective as the Initial Treatment for Patients with H. pylori-Negative and Disseminated Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma. Gut Liver. 2016 Sep 15. 10 (5):706-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

33. Cheung DY. Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy, the Reasonable First Line Therapy for Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma Irrespective of Infection Status and Disease Stages. Gut Liver. 2016 Sep 15. 10 (5):659-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

34. Choi YJ, Lee DH, Kim JY, Kwon JE, Kim JY, Jo HJ, et al. Low Grade Gastric Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma: Clinicopathological Factors Associated with Helicobacter pylori Eradication and Tumor Regression. Clin Endosc. 2011 Dec. 44(2):101-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

35. Amiot A, Lévy M, Copie-Bergman C, Dupuis J, Szablewski V, Le Baleur Y, et al. Rituximab, alkylating agents or combination therapy for gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: a monocentric non-randomised observational study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Mar. 39(6):619-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Zucca E, Conconi A, Laszlo D, López-Guillermo A, Bouabdallah R, Coiffier B, et al. Addition of rituximab to chlorambucil produces superior event-free survival in the treatment of patients with extranodal marginal-zone B-cell lymphoma: 5-year analysis of the IELSG-19 Randomized Study. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Feb 10. 31(5):565-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Raderer M, Kiesewetter B, Ferreri AJ. Clinicopathologic characteristics and treatment of marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma). CA Cancer J Clin. 2016 Mar-Apr. 66 (2):153-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

38. [Guideline] Zucca E, Arcaini L, Buske C, Johnson PW, Ponzoni M, Raderer M, et al. Marginal zone lymphomas: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2020 Jan. 31 (1):17-29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

39. Kiesewetter B, Willenbacher E, Willenbacher W, Egle A, Neumeister P, Voskova D, et al. A phase 2 study of rituximab plus lenalidomide for mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Blood. 2017 Jan 19. 129 (3):383-385. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Hu Q, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Fu K. Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and Helicobacter pylori infection: a review of current diagnosis and management. Biomark Res. 2016 Jul 27. 4:15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

41. Farooq U, Chakinala RC. MALToma. 2023 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

Swathi Namburi, MD Attending Physician, Department of Hematology, Center for Blood Disorders and Stem Cell Transplantation, Swedish Cancer Institute

Swathi Namburi, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Hematology, Washington State Medical Association, Washington State Medical Oncology Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Emmanuel C Besa, MD Professor Emeritus, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University

Emmanuel C Besa, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Education, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American College of Clinical Pharmacology, American Federation for Medical Research, American Society of Hematology, New York Academy of Sciences

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Sara J Grethlein, MD, MBA, FACP Executive Medical Director and Medical Oncologist, Swedish Cancer Institute

Sara J Grethlein, MD, MBA, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Women's Association, American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Hematology, Gold Humanism Honor Society, Leukemia and Lymphoma Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Troy H Guthrie, Jr, MD Director of Cancer Institute, Baptist Medical Center

Troy H Guthrie, Jr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Federation for Medical Research, American Medical Association, American Society of Hematology, Florida Medical Association, Medical Association of Georgia, and Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jose A Perez Jr, MD, MBA, MSEd Residency Director, Internal Medicine Residency Program, Vice Chair of Education, Department of Medicine, Methodist Hospital; Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College

Jose A Perez Jr, MD, MBA, MSEd is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physician Executives, American College of Physicians, Society of General Internal Medicine, and Society of Hospital Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Karen Seiter, MD Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology/Hematology, New York Medical College

Karen Seiter, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American College of Physicians, and American Society of Hematology

Disclosure: Novartis Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Novartis Consulting fee Speaking and teaching; Eisai Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Celgene Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article