Brown SE, Coddington CC, Schnorr J, Toner JP, Gibbons W, Oehninger S. Evaluation of outpatient hysteroscopy, saline infusion hysterosonography, and hysterosalpingography in infertile women: a prospective, randomized study. Fertil Steril. 2000 Nov. 74(5):1029-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Brunham RC, Maclean IW, Binns B, Peeling RW. Chlamydia trachomatis: its role in tubal infertility. J Infect Dis. 1985 Dec. 152 (6):1275-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Simpson WL Jr, Beitia LG, Mester J. Hysterosalpingography: a reemerging study. Radiographics. 2006 Mar-Apr. 26 (2):419-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Roma Dalfó A, Ubeda B, Ubeda A, et al. Diagnostic value of hysterosalpingography in the detection of intrauterine abnormalities: a comparison with hysteroscopy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004 Nov. 183 (5):1405-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Noorhasan D, Heard MJ. Gadolinium radiologic contrast is a useful alternative for hysterosalpingography in patients with iodine allergy. Fertil Steril. 2005 Dec. 84(6):1744. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Silberzweig JE, Khorsandi AS, Caldon M, Alam S. Gadolinium for hysterosalpingography. J Reprod Med. 2008 Jan. 53(1):15-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Beaty AD, Lieberman PL, Slavin RG. Seafood allergy and radiocontrast media: are physicians propagating a myth?. Am J Med. 2008 Feb. 121 (2):158.e1-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Karande VC, Pratt DE, Balin MS, Levrant SG, Morris RS, Gleicher N. What is the radiation exposure to patients during a gynecoradiologic procedure?. Fertil Steril. 1997 Feb. 67(2):401-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Nikolic B, Spies JB, Lundsten MJ, Abbara S. Patient radiation dose associated with uterine artery embolization. Radiology. 2000 Jan. 214(1):121-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Eng CW, Tang PH, Ong CL. Hysterosalpingography: current applications. Singapore Med J. 2007 Apr. 48(4):368-73; quiz 374. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Saunders RD, Shwayder JM, Nakajima ST. Current methods of tubal patency assessment. Fertil Steril. 2011 Jun. 95(7):2171-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Volpi E, Zuccaro G, Patriarca A, Rustichelli S, Sismondi P. Transvaginal sonographic tubal patency testing using air and saline solution as contrast media in a routine infertility clinic setting. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1996. 7:43-8.
Swart P, Mol BW, van der Veen F, van Beurden M, Redekop WK, Bossuyt PM. The accuracy of hysterosalpingography in the diagnosis of tubal pathology: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 1995. 64:486-91.
Gaglione R, Valentini AL, Pistilli E, Nuzzi NP. A comparison of hysteroscopy and hysterosalpingography. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1996 Feb. 52(2):151-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Golan A, Eilat E, Ron-El R, Herman A, Soffer Y, Bukovsky I. Hysteroscopy is superior to hysterosalpingography in infertility investigation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1996 Aug. 75(7):654-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Holz K, Becker R, Schürmann R. Ultrasound in the investigation of tubal patency. A meta-analysis of three comparative studies of Echovist-200 including 1007 women. Zentralbl Gynakol. 1997. 119(8):366-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Boudghene FP, Bazot M, Robert Y, Perrot N, Rocourt N, Antoine JM, et al. Assessment of tubal patency by HyCoSy: comparison of a positive contast agent with saline solution. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2001. 18:525-30.
Exacoustos C, Zupi E, Carusotti C, Lanzi G, Marconi D, Arduini D. Hysterosalpingo-contast sonography compared to hysterosalpingography and laparoscopic dye pertubation to evaluate tubal patency. J Am Assoc Gyn Lap. 2003. 10:367-72.
Stumpf PG, March CM. Febrile morbidity following hysterosalpingography: identification of risk factors and recommendations for prophylaxis. Fertil Steril. 1980 May. 33(5):487-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. ACOG practice bulletin no. 104: antibiotic prophylaxis for gynecologic procedures. Obstet Gynecol. 2009. 113:1180-9.
Thinkhamrop J, Laopaiboon M, Lumbiganon P. Prophylactic antibiotics for transcervical intrauterine procedures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 May 31. CD005637. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Owens OM, Schiff I, Kaul AF, Cramer DC, Burt RA. Reduction of pain following hysterosalpingogram by prior analgesic administration. Fertil Steril. 1985 Jan. 43(1):146-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Handelzalts JE, Levy S, Peled Y, et al. Information seeking and perceptions of anxiety and pain among women undergoing hysterosalpingography. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016 Jul. 202:41-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ahmad G, Duffy JMN, O'Flynn H, Watson A. Pain relief in hysterosalingography. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;CD006106.
Arnau B, Jovell E, Romero M, Gonzalez M, Esteba L, Garcia A. Lidocaine-prilocaine cream as analgesia for hysterosalpingography: a randomized, double blinded, controlled study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014 Nov. 182:216-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lindequist S, Justesen P, Larsen C, Rasmussen F. Diagnostic quality and complications of hysterosalpingography: oil- versus water-soluble contrast media--a randomized prospective study. Radiology. 1991 Apr. 179(1):69-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Thurmond AS, Hedgpeth PL, Scanlan RM. Selective injection of contrast media: inflammatory effects on rabbit fallopian tubes. Radiology. 1991 Jul. 180(1):97-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Acton CM, Devitt JM, Ryan EA. Hysterosalpingography in infertility--an experience of 3,631 examinations. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1988 May. 28(2):127-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Roest I, Rosielle K, van Welie N, et al. Safety of oil-based contrast medium for hysterosalpingography: a systematic review. Reprod Biomed Online. 2021 Jun. 42 (6):1119-29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
ExEm Foam (air polymer type A) [package insert]. New York, NY: ExEm Foam Inc. November 2019. Available at [Full Text].
Mohiyiddeen L, Hardiman A, Fitzgerald C, et al. Tubal flushing for subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 May 1. CD003718. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Boyer P, Territo MC, de Ziegler D, Meldrum DR. Ethiodol inhibits phagocytosis by pelvic peritoneal macrophages. Fertil Steril. 1986. 46:715-7.
Johnson JV, Montoya IA, Olive DL. Ethiodol oil contrast medium inhibits macrophage phagocytosis and adherence by altering membrane electronegativity and microviscosity. Fertil Steril. 1992 Sep. 58(3):511-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Jack AE. Systemic reaction to radiocontrast media during hystersalpingography. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1980. 66:242-3.