HIV Prophylaxis in Sexual Assault Questions & Answers

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4. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, et al. Antiretroviral Therapy for the Prevention of HIV-1 Transmission. N Engl J Med. 2016 Sep 1. 375 (9):830-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Roland ME, Neilands TB, Krone MR, Coates TJ, Franses K, Chesney MA, et al. A randomized noninferiority trial of standard versus enhanced risk reduction and adherence counseling for individuals receiving post-exposure prophylaxis following sexual exposures to HIV. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Jul 1. 53(1):76-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

6. Bamberger JD, Waldo CR, Gerberding JL, Katz MH. Postexposure prophylaxis for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection following sexual assault. Am J Med. 1999 Mar. 106 (3):323-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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9. Otten RA, Smith DK, Adams DR, Pullium JK, Jackson E, Kim CN, et al. Efficacy of postexposure prophylaxis after intravaginal exposure of pig-tailed macaques to a human-derived retrovirus (human immunodeficiency virus type 2). J Virol. 2000 Oct. 74(20):9771-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

10. Cardo DM, Culver DH, Ciesielski CA, Srivastava PU, Marcus R, Abiteboul D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Needlestick Surveillance Group. A case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health care workers after percutaneous exposure. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Needlestick Surveillance Group. N Engl J Med. 1997 Nov 20. 337(21):1485-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Guay LA, Musoke P, Fleming T, Bagenda D, Allen M, Nakabiito C, et al. Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET 012 randomised trial. Lancet. 1999 Sep 4. 354(9181):795-802. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, Kiselev P, Scott G, O'Sullivan MJ. Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1994 Nov 3. 331(18):1173-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Gray GE, Urban M, Chersich MF, Bolton C, van Niekerk R, Violari A, et al. A randomized trial of two postexposure prophylaxis regimens to reduce mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission in infants of untreated mothers. AIDS. 2005 Aug 12. 19(12):1289-97. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Taha TE, Kumwenda NI, Gibbons A, Broadhead RL, Fiscus S, Lema V. Short postexposure prophylaxis in newborn babies to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1: NVAZ randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2003 Oct 11. 362(9391):1171-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. [Guideline] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Workowski KA, Berman SM. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. Dec 17, 2010. 59(RR-12):1-116.

16. CDC. Updated U.S. Public Health Service guidelines for the management of occupational exposures to HBV, HCV, and HIV and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis. MMWR. 2001;. 50 (No. RR-11).:

17. Harrison LH, Do Lago RF, Moreira RI. , Schechter M. Demand for post-sexual-exposure chemoprophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in Brazil [abstract 492]. Presented at the 7th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, California: , January 30–February 2, 2000.

18. Drezett J. Postexposure prophylaxis in raped women. IV International Conference on HIV infection in women and children. Rio de Janeiro.: Livro de Resumos. Universidade, Federal do Rio De Janeiroe Institute of Virology of Maryland; 2002.

19. Kahn JO, Martin JN, Roland ME, Bamberger JD, Chesney M, Chambers D, et al. Feasibility of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) against human immunodeficiency virus infection after sexual or injection drug use exposure: the San Francisco PEP Study. J Infect Dis. 2001 Mar 1. 183(5):707-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Fournier S, Maillard A, Molina JM. Failure of postexposure prophylaxis after sexual exposure to HIV. AIDS. 2001 Feb 16. 15(3):430. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Beltrami EM, Luo C-C, De La Torre N, Cardo DM. Transmission of a drug-resistant HIV after an occupational exposure despite postexposure prophylaxis with a combination drug regimen. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002. 23:345–8.

22. Schechter M, do Lago RF, Mendelsohn AB, et al. Behavioral impact, acceptability, and HIV incidence among homosexual men with access to postexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr. 2004. 35:519 – 525.

23. Grohskopf LA, Smith DK, Kunches LM, et al. Surveillance of postexposure prophylaxis for nonoccupational HIV exposures through the U.S. National Registry. AIDS 2002 XIV International AIDS Conference. Barcelona, Spain: 11 July 2002.

24. Grulich A, Zheng W, Kippax S, Smith DE. Highly targeted use of nonoccupa-tional postexposure prophylaxis (NPEP) in Australia. 2nd IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment. Paris, France: 13– 16 July 2003.

25. Millett GA, Flores SA, Marks G, Reed JB, Herbst JH. Circumcision status and risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2008 Oct 8. 300(14):1674-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, et al. Sexual Activity Without Condoms and Risk of HIV Transmission in Serodifferent Couples When the HIV-Positive Partner Is Using Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy. JAMA. Jul 2016. 316(2):171-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

27. Wilson DP1, Law MG, Grulich AE et al. Relation between HIV viral load and infectiousness: a model-based analysis. Lancet. July 2008. 372(9635):314-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

28. Bavinton BR, Pinto AN, Phanuphak N, Grinsztejn B, Prestage GP, et al. Viral suppression and HIV transmission in serodiscordant male couples: an international, prospective, observational, cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2018 Aug. 5 (8):e438-e447. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2015. Center for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. June 5, 2015. 64:[Full Text].

30. St Cyr S, Barbee L, Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Pham C, et al. Update to CDC's Treatment Guidelines for Gonococcal Infection, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Dec 18. 69 (50):1911-1916. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. FDA approves expanded use of Gardasil 9 to include individuals 27 through 45 years old. FDA News Release. October 5, 2018. Available at https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm622715.htm.

32. Apoola A, Ahmad S, Radcliffe K. Primary HIV infection. Int J STD AIDS. Feb 2002. 13:71-78.

33. Inciarte A, Leal L, Masfarre L, Gonzalez E, Diaz-Brito V, et al. Post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection in sexual assault victims. HIV Med. 2020 Jan. 21 (1):43-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Zash R, Holmes L, Diseko M, Jacobson DL, Brummel S, et al. Neural-Tube Defects and Antiretroviral Treatment Regimens in Botswana. N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 29. 381 (9):827-840. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Reefhuis J, FitzHarris LF, Gray KM, Nesheim S, Tinker SC, et al. Neural Tube Defects in Pregnancies Among Women With Diagnosed HIV Infection - 15 Jurisdictions, 2013-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Jan 10. 69 (1):1-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. FDA. US FDA. Juluca, Tivicay, Triumeq (dolutegravir): FDA to Evaluate - Potential Risk of Neural Tube Birth Defects. May 18, 2018. Available at https://www.fda.gov/safety/medwatch/safetyinformation/safetyalertsforhumanmedicalproducts/ucm608168.htm.

37. [Guideline] Recommendations for the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV Transmission in the United States. HIV.gov. Available at https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/perinatal/whats-new-guidelines. 10 FEB 2021; Accessed: 30 JUN 2021.

Derek T Larson, DO Chief of Infectious Disease Service, Co-Chair of Infection Prevention and Control, Fort Belvoir Community Hopsital

Derek T Larson, DO is a member of the following medical societies: Armed Forces Infectious Diseases Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ryan C Maves, MD, FCCP, FCCM, FIDSA Professor of Medicine and Anesthesiology, Sections of Infectious Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine

Ryan C Maves, MD, FCCP, FCCM, FIDSA is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Society of Transplantation, Armed Forces Infectious Diseases Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Society of Critical Care Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD David Ross Boyd Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Stewart G Wolf Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Master of the American College of Physicians; Fellow, Infectious Diseases Society of America; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Association of Professors of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Oklahoma State Medical Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Hina Z Ghory, MD Assistant Medical Director, Emergency Department, East Orange General Hospital

Hina Z Ghory, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joyce S Kuo, MD Resident Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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