Coccidioidomycosis and Valley Fever Questions & Answers

1. Williams SL, Chiller T. Update on the Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coccidioidomycosis. J Fungi (Basel). 2022 Jun 25. 8 (7):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Akram SM, Koirala J. Coccidioidomycosis. 2022 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. Boro R, Iyer PC, Walczak MA. Current Landscape of Coccidioidomycosis. J Fungi (Basel). 2022 Apr 17. 8 (4):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Thompson GR III, Le T, Chindamporn A, Kauffman CA, Alastruey A, Ampel NA, et al. Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of the endemic mycoses: an initiative of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology in cooperation with the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Dec. 21(12):e364-374. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. American Academy of Pediatrics. Red Book: 2009 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Kimberlin DW, Long SS, eds. Coccidioidomycosis. 28th ed. ElkGrove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2009. 266-268.

6. Galgiani JN, Ampel NM, Blair JE, Catanzaro A, Geertsma F, Hoover SE, et al. Coccidioidomycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Sep 15. 63(6):e112-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Bays DJ, Thompson GR III. Coccidioidomycosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2021. 35(2):453-469. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Kwok HK, Chan JW, Li IW, Chu SY, Lam CW. Coccidioidomycosis as a rare cause of pneumonia in non-endemic areas: a short exposure history should not be ignored. Respirology. 2009 May. 14(4):617-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Parish JM, Blair JE. Coccidioidomycosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008 Mar. 83(3):343-48; quiz 348-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Anstead GM, Graybill JR. Coccidiodomycosis. Infect Dis Clin N Am. 2006. 20:621-643.

11. Spinello IM, Munoz A, Johnson RH. Pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2008 Apr. 29(2):166-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Ampel NM. Coccidioidomycosis: a review of recent advances. Clin Chest Med. 2009 Jun. 30(2):241-51, v. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Galgiani JN. Coccidioides Species. Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases, Mandell, Douglas and Bennet. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2005. Vol 2: 3040-51.

14. Gaidici A, Saubolle MA. Transmission of coccidioidomycosis to a human via a cat bite. J Clin Microbiol. 2009 Feb. 47(2):505-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

15. Centers for Disease Control [CDC]. Increase in Coccidioidomycosis - California, 2000-2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009 Feb 13. 58(5):105-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Kim MM, Blair JE, Carey EJ, Wu Q, Smilack JD. Coccidioidal pneumonia, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, 2000-2004. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Mar. 15(3):397-401. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

17. de Aguiar Cordeiro R, Brilhante RS, Rocha MF, et al. Twelve years of coccidioidomycosis in Ceara State, Northeast Brazil: epidemiologic and diagnostic aspects. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009.

18. Togashi RH, Aguiar FM, Ferreira DB, Moura CM, Sales MT, Rios NX. Pulmonary and extrapulmonary coccidioidomycosis: three cases in an endemic area in the state of Ceará, Brazil. J Bras Pneumol. 2009 Mar. 35(3):275-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. CDC. From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coccidioidomycosis following the Northridge earthquake--California, 1994. JAMA. 1994 Jun 8. 271(22):1735. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Schneider E, Hajjeh RA, Spiegel RA, et al. A coccidioidomycosis outbreak following the Northridge, Calif, earthquake. JAMA. 1997 Mar 19. 277(11):904-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Increase in reported coccidioidomycosis--United States, 1998-2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013 Mar 29. 62(12):217-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Ampel NM, Mosley DG, England B, Vertz PD, Komatsu K, Hajjeh RA. Coccidioidomycosis in Arizona: increase in incidence from 1990 to 1995. Clin Infect Dis. 1998 Dec. 27(6):1528-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Increase in Coccidioidomycosis - California, 2000-2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009 Feb 13. 58(5):105-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Park BJ, Sigel K, Vaz, V et al. An epidemic of coccidiodomycosis in Arizona associated with climatic changes, 1998-2001. J Infect Dis. 2006. 191:1981-7.

25. Stern NG, Galgiani JN. Coccidioidomycosis among scholarship athletes and other college students, Arizona, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 Feb. 16(2):321-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

26. Negroni R. [Historical evolution of some clinical and epidemiological knowledge of coccidioidomycosis in the Americas]. Rev Argent Microbiol. 2008 Oct-Dec. 40(4):246-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Buijze GA, Kok P, Botha-Scheepers SA, Smith SJ, Sleeboom HP. Fungal disease of the Western hemisphere: a patient with coccidioidomycosis. Eur J Intern Med. 2009 May. 20(3):319-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Holemans X, Levecque P, Despontin K, Maton JP. [First report of coccidioidomycosis associated with Sweet syndrome]. Presse Med. 2000 Jul 1. 29(23):1282-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Batura-Gabryel H, Brajer B. Coccidioidomycosis in a 38-year-old man: a case report. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2008 Jun. 118(6):387-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Kojima T, Takase K, Nakaya J, Igarashi K, Yamaguchi W, Kaizaki Y. [Case of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis presented with multiple infiltrative opacities]. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi. 2008 May. 46(5):390-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Lan F, Tong YZ, Huang H, Xiong WN, Xu YJ, Xiong SD. Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis in China. Respirology. 2010 May. 15(4):722-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Baird RW, Teichtahl H, Ednie HM, Tasiopoulos A, Ryanf N, Gee D. A fluffy white traveller: imported Coccidiodes immitis infection in an Australian tourist. Pathology. 1999 Feb. 31(1):47-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. CDC. Increase in coccidioidomycosis--Arizona, 1998-2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003 Feb 14. 52(6):109-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Louie L, Ng S, Hajjeh R, et al. Influence of host genetics on the severity of coccidioidomycosis. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999 Sep-Oct. 5(5):672-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

35. Galgiani JN. Primary Coccidioidal Infection. UpToDate. January 18, 2008. [Full Text].

36. Johnson RH, Caldwell JW, Welch G. The great Coccidioidomycosis epidemic: Clinical Features. Einstein HE, Catanzaro A, eds. Proceedings of Fifth International Conference. Bethesda, MD: 1996. 77-87.

37. Spinello IM, Johnson RH, Baqi S. Coccidioidomycosis and pregnancy: a review. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Sep. 1111:358-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Hooper JE, Lu Q, Pepkowitz SH. Disseminated coccidioidomycosis in pregnancy. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2007 Apr. 131(4):652-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. McHardy I, Reagan KL, Sebastan JF, Barker B, Bays DJ, Dandear S, et al. Sex Differences in Susceptibility to Coccidioidomycosis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022 Feb 16. 9(3):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Bergstrom L, Yocum DE, Ampel NM, Villanueva I, Lisse J, Gluck O. Increased risk of coccidioidomycosis in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Jun. 50(6):1959-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Einstein HE, Johnson RH. Coccidioidomycosis: new aspects of epidemiology and therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 1993 Mar. 16(3):349-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Richardson MD, Warnock DW. Coccidioidomycosis. Fungal Infection Diagnosis and Management. Blackwell Scientific Publication; 1993. 134-42.

43. Increase in Coccidioidomycosis - California, 2000-2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009 Feb 13. 58(5):105-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Blair JE. State-of-the-art treatment of coccidioidomycosis skeletal infections. Ann N.Y. Acad Sci. 2007. 1111:421-433.

45. Crum-Cianflone NF, Truett AA, Teneza-Mora N, et al. Unusual presentations of coccidioidomycosis: a case series and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2006 Sep. 85(5):263-77. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Arsura EL, Bobba RK, Reddy CM. Coccidioidal pericarditis: a case presentation and review of the literature. Int J Infect Dis. 2005 Mar. 9(2):104-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Vasconcelos-Santos DV, Lim JI, Rao NA. Chronic coccidioidomycosis endophthalmitis without concomitant systemic involvement: a clinicopathological case report. Ophthalmology. 2010 Sep. 117(9):1839-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Blair JE, Mayer AP, Currier J, Files JA, Wu Q. Coccidioidomycosis in elderly persons. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Dec 15. 47(12):1513-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Blair JE. Coccidioidal meningitis: update on epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2009 Jul. 11(4):289-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Keckich DW, Blair JE, Vikram HR. Coccidioides fungemia in six patients, with a review of the literature. Mycopathologia. 2010 Aug. 170(2):107-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Nesbit LA, Knox KS, Nguyen CT, Roesch J, Wheat LJ, Johnson SM, et al. Immunological characterization of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with acute pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. J Infect Dis. 2013 Jun 3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Masannat FY, Ampel NM. Coccidioidomycosis in patients with HIV-1 infection in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Jan 1. 50(1):1-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Ampel NM, Dionne SO, Giblin A, Podany AB, Galgiani J. Mannose-binding lectin serum levels are low in persons with clinically active coccidioidomycosis. Mycopathologia. 2009 Apr. 167(4):173-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Durkin M, Connolly P, Kuberski T, et al. Diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis with use of the Coccidioides antigen enzyme immunoassay. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Oct 15. 47(8):e69-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Blair JE, Currier JT. Significance of isolated positive IgM serologic results by enzyme immunoassay for coccidioidomycosis. Mycopathologia. 2008 Aug. 166(2):77-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Bialek R, González GM, Begerow D, Zelck UE. Coccidioidomycosis and blastomycosis: advances in molecular diagnosis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2005 Sep 1. 45(3):355-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Vucicevic D, Blair JE, Binnicker MJ, McCullough AE, Kusne S, Vikram HR. The Utility of Coccidioides Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing in the Clinical Setting. Mycopathologia. 2010 Jun 10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. de Aguiar Cordeiro R, Nogueira Brilhante RS, Gadelha Rocha MF, Araujo Moura FE, Pires de Camargo Z, Costa Sidrim JJ. Rapid diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis by nested PCR assay of sputum. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007 Apr. 13(4):449-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Bialek R, Kern J, Herrmann T, Tijerina R, Cecenas L, Reischl U, et al. PCR assays for identification of Coccidioides posadasii based on the nucleotide sequence of the antigen 2/proline-rich antigen. J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Feb. 42(2):778-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Binnicker MJ, Buckwalter SP, Eisberner JJ, Stewart RA, McCullough AE, Wohlfiel SL, et al. Detection of Coccidioides species in clinical specimens by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Jan. 45(1):173-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Tkachenko GA, Grishina MA, Antonov VA, Savchenko SS, Zamaraev VS, Lesovoi VS, et al. [Identification of the agents of coccidioidomycosis using polymerase chain reaction]. Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol. 2007. 25-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Ampel NM, Hector RF, Lindan CP, Rutherford GW. An archived lot of coccidioidin induces specific coccidioidal delayed-type hypersensitivity and correlates with in vitro assays of coccidioidal cellular immune response. Mycopathologia. 2006 Feb. 161(2):67-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Adam RD, Elliott SP, Taljanovic MS. The spectrum and presentation of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. Am J Med. 2009 Aug. 122(8):770-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Blair JE. State-of-the-art treatment of coccidioidomycosis skeletal infections. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Sep. 1111:422-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Naidu VG, Tammineni AK, Biscopink RJ, Davis TL, Veerabagu MP. Coccidioides immitis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound. J S C Med Assoc. 2009 Feb. 105(1):4-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Valdivia L, Nix D, Wright M, et al. Coccidioidomycosis as a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Jun. 12(6):958-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Berg N, Ryscavage P, Kulesza P. The utility of fine needle aspiration for diagnosis of extrapulmonary coccidioidomycosis: a case report and discussion. Clin Med Res. 2011 Nov. 9(3-4):130-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Ampel NM, Giblin A , Mourani JP, Galgiani JN. Factors and outcomes associated with the decision to treat primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis (abstract). Clin Infect Di. 2009 Jan 15. 48(2):172-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. [Guideline] Galgiani JN, Ampel NM, Blair JE, Catanzaro A, Geertsma F, Hoover SE, et al. 2016 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Coccidioidomycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Sep 15. 63 (6):e112-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

70. Mofenson LM, Brady MT, Danner SP, et al. Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections among HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and the American Academy of Pediatrics. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2009 Sep 4. 58:1-166. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

71. Galgiani JN, Catanzaro A, Cloud GA, et al. Comparison of oral fluconazole and itraconazole for progressive, nonmeningeal coccidioidomycosis. A randomized, double-blind trial. Mycoses Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 2000 Nov 7. 133(9):676-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Anstead GM, Corcoran G, Lewis J, Berg D, Graybill JR. Refractory coccidioidomycosis treated with posaconazole. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Jun 15. 40(12):1770-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Prabhu RM, Bonnell M, Currier BL, Orenstein R. Successful treatment of disseminated nonmeningeal coccidioidomycosis with voriconazole. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Oct 1. 39(7):e74-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Catanzaro A, Cloud GA, Stevens DA, et al. Safety, tolerance, and efficacy of posaconazole therapy in patients with nonmeningeal disseminated or chronic pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Sep 1. 45(5):562-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Ramani R, Chaturvedi V. Antifungal susceptibility profiles of Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii from endemic and non-endemic areas. Mycopathologia. 2007 Jun. 163(6):315-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Park DW, Sohn JW, Cheong HJ, Kim WJ, Kim MJ, Kim JH, et al. Combination therapy of disseminated coccidioidomycosis with caspofungin and fluconazole. BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 15. 6:26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Schein R, Homans J, Larsen RA, Neely M. Posaconazole for Chronic Refractory Coccidioidal Meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Oct 10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Paugam A. [The latest data on posaconazole]. Med Mal Infect. 2007 Feb. 37(2):71-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Nagappan V, Deresinski S. Reviews of anti-infective agents: posaconazole: a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal agent. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Dec 15. 45(12):1610-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Stevens DA, Rendon A, Gaona-Flores V, Catanzaro A, Anstead GM, Pedicone L, et al. Posaconazole therapy for chronic refractory coccidioidomycosis. Chest. 2007 Sep. 132(3):952-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Ampel N. Posaconazole for coccidioidomycosis. Journal Watch ID,. Aug 2007, CID Sep 2007.

82. Crum NF, Lederman ER, Stafford CM, Parrish JS, Wallace MR. Coccidioidomycosis: a descriptive survey of a reemerging disease. Clinical characteristics and current controversies. Medicine (Baltimore). 2004 May. 83(3):149-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

83. Antony S. Use of the echinocandins (caspofungin) in the treatment of disseminated coccidioidomycosis in a renal transplant recipient. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Sep 15. 39(6):879-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Tepeoglu M, Erinanc H, Ozdemir H, Turan H, Moray G, Haberal M. Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis After a Renal Transplant in a Nonendemic Region. Exp Clin Transplant. 2013 Jun 5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. Hsue G, Napier JT, Prince RA, Chi J, Hospenthal DR. Treatment of meningeal coccidioidomycosis with caspofungin. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004 Jul. 54(1):292-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Galgiani JN, Ampel NM, Catanzaro A, Johnson RH, Stevens DA, Williams PL. Practice guideline for the treatment of coccidioidomycosis. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Apr. 30(4):658-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Vinh DC, Masannat F, Dzioba RB, Galgiani JN, Holland SM. Refractory disseminated coccidioidomycosis and mycobacteriosis in interferon-gamma receptor 1 deficiency. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Sep 15. 49(6):e62-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

88. Ampel NM, Giblin A, Mourani JP, Galgiani JN. Factors and outcomes associated with the decision to treat primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Jan 15. 48(2):172-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. Berry CD, Stevens DA, Hassid EI, Pappagianis D, Happs EL, Sahrakar K. A new method for the treatment of chronic fungal meningitis: continuous infusion into the cerebrospinal fluid for coccidioidal meningitis. Am J Med Sci. 2009 Jul. 338(1):79-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. Azadeh N, Chang YH, Kusne S, Vikram HR, Seville MT, Orenstein R, et al. The impact of early and brief corticosteroids on the clinical course of primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. J Infect. 2013 Apr 6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. Caldwell JW, Arsura EL, Kilgore WB, Garcia AL, Reddy V, Johnson RH. Coccidioidomycosis in pregnancy during an epidemic in California. Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Feb. 95(2):236-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. Arnold CA, Rakheja D, Arnold MA, et al. Unsuspected, disseminated coccidioidomycosis without maternofetal morbidity diagnosed by placental examination: case report and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jun 1. 46(11):e119-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Vikram HR, Blair JE. Coccidioidomycosis in transplant recipients: a primer for clinicians in nonendemic areas. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2009 Dec. 14(6):606-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Blair JE. Approach to the solid organ transplant patient with latent infection and disease caused by Coccidioides species. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008 Aug. 21(4):415-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

95. Brugiere O, Forget E, Biondi G, Metivier AC, Mal H, Dauriat G. Coccidioidomycosis in a lung transplant recipient acquired from the donor graft in France. Transplantation. 2009 Dec 15. 88(11):1319-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Mortimer RB, Libke R, Eghbalieh B, Bilello JF. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome presenting as superior vena cava syndrome secondary to Coccidioides lymphadenopathy in an HIV-infected patient. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic Ill). 2008 Nov-Dec. 7(6):283-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

97. Cole GT, Hurtgen BJ, Hung CY. Progress Toward a Human Vaccine Against Coccidioidomycosis. Curr Fungal Infect Rep. 2012 Dec 1. 6(4):235-244. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

98. Herr RA, Hung CY, Cole GT. Evaluation of two homologous proline-rich proteins of Coccidioides posadasii as candidate vaccines against coccidioidomycosis. Infect Immun. 2007 Dec. 75(12):5777-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

99. Capone D, Marchiori E, Wanke B, et al. Acute pulmonary coccidioidomycosis: CT findings from 15 patients. Br J Radiol. 2008 Sep. 81(969):721-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

100. Galgiani JN. Vaccines to prevent systemic mycoses: holy grails meet translational realities. J Infect Dis. 2008 Apr 1. 197(7):938-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

101. Hot A, Maunoury C, Poiree S, Lanternier F, Viard JP, Loulergue P. Diagnostic contribution of the positron emission scanning with 18F-FDG for invasive fungal infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010 Jul 15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

102. Pena-Ruiz MA, Meza AD, Mulla ZD. Coccidioidomycosis infection in a predominantly Hispanic population. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Sep. 1111:122-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

George R Thompson III, MD, FIDSA, FECMM Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Assistant Director, Coccidioidomycosis Serology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis Medical Center, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine

George R Thompson III, MD, FIDSA, FECMM is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, HIV Medicine Association, Infectious Diseases Society of America, International Society for Human and Animal Mycology, International Society for Infectious Diseases, Medical Mycological Society of the Americas, Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Received research grant from: Astellas, Cidara, F2G, Mayne<br/>Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Astellas, Cidara, F2G, Mayne, Pfizer.

Fariba M Donovan, MD, PhD Assistant Professor of Medicine, Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona College of Medicine

Fariba M Donovan, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Duane R Hospenthal, MD, PhD, FACP, FIDSA, FASTMH Physician, San Antonio Infectious Diseases Consultants; Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio

Duane R Hospenthal, MD, PhD, FACP, FIDSA, FASTMH is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Armed Forces Infectious Diseases Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America, International Society for Human and Animal Mycology, International Society for Infectious Diseases, International Society of Travel Medicine, Medical Mycological Society of the Americas, Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD David Ross Boyd Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Stewart G Wolf Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Master of the American College of Physicians; Fellow, Infectious Diseases Society of America; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Association of Professors of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Oklahoma State Medical Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Edward L Arsura, MD Chair, Department of Medicine, Chief Medical Officer, Richmond University Medical Center

Edward L Arsura, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Physician Leadership, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, California Medical Association, Society of General Internal Medicine, Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ana Paula Oppenheimer, MD, MPH Fellow, Section of Infectious Diseases, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP Professor of Emergency Medicine, Professor of Internal Medicine, Program Director, Emergency Medicine, Case Medical Center, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine

Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Thoracic Society, Arkansas Medical Society, New York Academy of Medicine, New York Academy of Sciences,and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Itzhak Brook, MD, MSc Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine

Itzhak Brook, MD, MSc is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, Armed Forces Infectious Diseases Society, Association of Military Surgeons of the US, Infectious Diseases Society of America, International Immunocompromised Host Society, International Society for Infectious Diseases,Medical Society of the District of Columbia, New York Academy of Sciences, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Ear, Nose and Throat Advances in Children, Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, Society for Pediatric Research, Southern Medical Association, and Surgical Infection Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David FM Brown, MD Associate Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Vice Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital

David FM Brown, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Archana Chatterjee, MD, PhD Professor of Pediatrics, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and Pharmacy, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Chief of Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Creighton University School of Medicine; Hospital Epidemiologist and Medical Director of Infection Control, Children's Hospital

Archana Chatterjee, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society for Microbiology, International Society for Infectious Diseases, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michele M Cheung, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine

Michele M Cheung, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John E Cho, MD Staff Physician, Providence Tarzana Medical Center

John E Cho, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, California Medical Association, and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

James de la Torre, MD Resident Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, LAC+USC Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Thomas E Herchline, MD Professor of Medicine, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine; Medical Director, Public Health, Dayton and Montgomery County, Ohio

Thomas E Herchline, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and Infectious Diseases Society of Ohio

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Thomas M Kerkering, MD Chief of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine

Thomas M Kerkering, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Public Health Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Medical Society of Virginia, and Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joseph Kim, MD Chairman, Department of Emergency Medicine, Western Medical Center; Clinical Instructor, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Zab Mosenifar, MD Director, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Director, Women's Guild Pulmonary Disease Institute, Professor and Executive Vice Chair, Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine

Zab Mosenifar, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, and American Thoracic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Catherine O'Keefe, DNP, APRN Assistant Professor of Nursing and Pediatric Nurse Practitioner, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Creighton University Medical Center

Catherine O'Keefe, DNP, APRN is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners, and Nebraska Nurse Practitioners

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael Peterson, MD Chief of Medicine, Vice-Chair of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine; Endowed Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco-Fresno, School of Medicine

Michael Peterson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, and American Thoracic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Allison J Richard, MD Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California; Associate Director, Division of International Medicine, Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, LAC+USC Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mark R Schleiss, MD American Legion Chair of Pediatrics, Professor of Pediatrics, Division Director, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School

Mark R Schleiss, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Pediatric Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Sat Sharma, MD, FRCPC Professor and Head, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba; Site Director, Respiratory Medicine, St Boniface General Hospital

Sat Sharma, MD, FRCPC is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Thoracic Society, Canadian Medical Association, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Royal Society of Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine, and World Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Barry J Sheridan, DO Chief Warrior in Transition Services, Brooke Army Medical Center

Barry J Sheridan, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Guy W Soo Hoo, MD, MPH Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine; Director, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, West Los Angeles Healthcare Center, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System

Guy W Soo Hoo, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Respiratory Care, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Thoracic Society, California Thoracic Society, and Society of Critical Care Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Russell W Steele, MD Head, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ochsner Children's Health Center; Clinical Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine

Russell W Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research, and Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kelley Struble, DO Fellow, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine

Kelley Struble, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Peggy Weintrub, MD Chief, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Clinical Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine

Peggy Weintrub, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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