Sections

Enterococcal Infections

DDx

Differential Diagnoses

Workup

de Perio MA, Yarnold PR, Warren J, et al. Risk factors and outcomes associated with non-Enterococcus faecalis, non-Enterococcus faecium enterococcal bacteremia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006 Jan. 27(1):28-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
O'Driscoll T, Crank CW. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections: epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and optimal management. Infect Drug Resist. 2015. 8:217-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Courvalin P. Vancomycin resistance in gram-positive cocci. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Jan 1. 42 Suppl 1:S25-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sievert DM, Ricks P, Edwards JR, Schneider A, Patel J, Srinivasan A, et al. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009-2010. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013 Jan. 34 (1):1-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Deshpande LM, Fritsche TR, Moet GJ, et al. Antimicrobial resistance and molecular epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from North America and Europe: a report from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007 Jun. 58(2):163-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Klibi N, Ben Slama K, Sáenz Y, et al. Detection of virulence factors in high-level gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates from a Tunisian hospital. Can J Microbiol. 2007 Mar. 53(3):372-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Long JK, Choueiri TK, Hall GS, Avery RK, Sekeres MA. Daptomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005 Sep. 80(9):1215-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Smith JR, Barber KE, Raut A, Aboutaleb M, Sakoulas G, Rybak MJ. β-Lactam combinations with daptomycin provide synergy against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015 Jun. 70 (6):1738-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hindler JA, Wong-Beringer A, Charlton CL, Miller SA, Kelesidis T, Carvalho M, et al. In Vitro Activity of Daptomycin in Combination with β-Lactams, Gentamicin, Rifampin, and Tigecycline against Daptomycin-Nonsusceptible Enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 Jul. 59 (7):4279-88. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus--New York, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004 Apr 23. 53(15):322-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Chang S, Sievert DM, Hageman JC, Boulton ML, Tenover FC, Downes FP, et al. Infection with vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the vanA resistance gene. N Engl J Med. 2003 Apr 3. 348(14):1342-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Limbago BM, Kallen AJ, Zhu W, Eggers P, McDougal LK, Albrecht VS. Report of the 13th vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate from the United States. J Clin Microbiol. 2014 Mar. 52 (3):998-1002. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sakka V, Tsiodras S, Galani L, e al. Risk-factors and predictors of mortality in patients colonised with vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008 Jan. 14(1):14-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Schmidt-Hieber M, Blau IW, Schwartz S, et al. Intensified strategies to control vancomycin-resistant enterococci in immunocompromised patients. Int J Hematol. 2007 Aug. 86(2):158-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Anderson AC, Jonas D, Huber I, Karygianni L, Wölber J, Hellwig E, et al. Enterococcus faecalis from Food, Clinical Specimens, and Oral Sites: Prevalence of Virulence Factors in Association with Biofilm Formation. Front Microbiol. 2015. 6:1534. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SM, Seifert H, Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Aug 1. 39(3):309-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Brusch JL. Microbiology of infective endocarditis and clinical correlates: Gram-positive organisms. Brusch JL, ed. Infective Endocarditis: Management in the Era of Intravascular Devices. Informa Healthcare; 2007.
Qin X, Singh KV, Weinstock GM, Murray BE. Effects of Enterococcus faecalis fsr genes on production of gelatinase and a serine protease and virulence. Infect Immun. 2000 May. 68(5):2579-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Lee do K, Kim Y, Park KS, et al. Antimicrobial activity of mupirocin, daptomycin, linezolid, quinupristin/dalfopristin and tigecycline against vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) from clinical isolates in Korea (1998 and 2005). J Biochem Mol Biol. 2007 Nov 30. 40(6):881-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ceci M, Delpech G, Sparo M, Mezzina V, Sánchez Bruni S, Baldaccini B. Clinical and microbiological features of bacteremia caused by Enterococcus faecalis. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2015 Nov 30. 9 (11):1195-203. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
DiazGranados CA, Zimmer SM, Klein M, et al. Comparison of mortality associated with vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible enterococcal bloodstream infections: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Aug 1. 41(3):327-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Erlandson KM, Sun J, Iwen PC, et al. Impact of the more-potent antibiotics quinupristin-dalfopristin and linezolid on outcome measure of patients with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jan 1. 46(1):30-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Butler KM. Enterococcal infection in children. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 2006 Jul. 17(3):128-39. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Stevens MP, Edmond MB. Endocarditis due to vancomycin-resistant enterococci: case report and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Oct 15. 41(8):1134-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
McDonald JR, Olaison L, Anderson DJ, et al. Enterococcal endocarditis: 107 cases from the international collaboration on endocarditis merged database. Am J Med. 2005 Jul. 118(7):759-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Khan Z, Siddiqui N, Saif MW. Enterococcus Faecalis Infective Endocarditis and Colorectal Carcinoma: Case of New Association Gaining Ground. Gastroenterology Res. 2018 Jun. 11 (3):238-240. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Pericàs JM, Corredoira J, Moreno A, García-País MJ, Falces C, Rabuñal R, et al. Relationship Between Enterococcus faecalis Infective Endocarditis and Colorectal Neoplasm: Preliminary Results From a Cohort of 154 Patients. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2017 Jun. 70 (6):451-458. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Chatterjee I, Iredell JR, Woods M, et al. The implications of enterococci for the intensive care unit. Crit Care Resusc. 2007 Mar. 9(1):69-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Berk SL, Verghese A, Holtsclaw SA, Smith JK. Enterococcal pneumonia. Occurrence in patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotic regimens and enteral feeding. Am J Med. 1983 Jan. 74(1):153-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Claeys KC, Zasowski EJ, Lagnf AM, Rybak MJ. Comparison of outcomes between patients with single versus multiple positive blood cultures for Enterococcus: Infection versus illusion?. Am J Infect Control. 2016 Jan 1. 44 (1):47-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bouza E, Kestler M, Beca T, Mariscal G, Rodríguez-Créixems M, Bermejo J, et al. The NOVA score: a proposal to reduce the need for transesophageal echocardiography in patients with enterococcal bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Feb 15. 60 (4):528-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Berge A, Krantz A, Östlund H, Nauclér P, Rasmussen M. The DENOVA score efficiently identifies patients with monomicrobial Enterococcus faecalis bacteremia where echocardiography is not necessary. Infection. 2019 Feb. 47 (1):45-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Peterson SC, Lau TTY, Ensom MHH. Combination of Ceftriaxone and Ampicillin for the Treatment of Enterococcal Endocarditis: A Qualitative Systematic Review. Ann Pharmacother. 2017 Jun. 51 (6):496-503. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Fernández-Hidalgo N, Almirante B, Gavaldà J, Gurgui M, Peña C, de Alarcón A, et al. Ampicillin plus ceftriaxone is as effective as ampicillin plus gentamicin for treating enterococcus faecalis infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 May. 56(9):1261-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Gavaldà J, Len O, Miró JM, Muñoz P, Montejo M, Alarcón A, et al. Brief communication: treatment of Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis with ampicillin plus ceftriaxone. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Apr 17. 146(8):574-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Beganovic M, Luther MK, Rice LB, Arias CA, Rybak MJ, LaPlante KL. A Review of Combination Antimicrobial Therapy for Enterococcus faecalis Bloodstream Infections and Infective Endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Jul 2. 67 (2):303-309. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Smith JR, Barber KE, Raut A, Aboutaleb M, Sakoulas G, Rybak MJ. β-Lactam combinations with daptomycin provide synergy against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015. 70 (6):1738-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hindler JA, Wong-Beringer A, Charlton CL, Miller SA, Kelesidis T, Carvalho M, et al. In vitro activity of daptomycin in combination with β-lactams, gentamicin, rifampin, and tigecycline against daptomycin-nonsusceptible enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 Jul. 59 (7):4279-88. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Senneville E, Caillon J, Calvet B, Jehl F. Towards a definition of daptomycin optimal dose: Lessons learned from experimental and clinical data. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016 Jan. 47 (1):12-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ramaswamy DP, Amodio-Groton M, Scholand SJ. Use of daptomycin in the treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal urinary tract infections: a short case series. BMC Urol. 2013 Jul 16. 13(1):33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Gavaldà J, Len O, Miró JM, et al. Brief communication: treatment of Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis with ampicillin plus ceftriaxone. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Apr 17. 146(8):574-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Falagas ME, Vouloumanou EK, Samonis G, Vardakas KZ. Fosfomycin. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016 Apr. 29 (2):321-47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Cunha BA. Antimicrobial therapy of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Med Clin North Am. 2006 Nov. 90(6):1165-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Smith PF, Booker BM, Ogundele AB, et al. Comparative in vitro activities of daptomycin, linezolid, and quinupristin/dalfopristin against Gram-positive bacterial isolates from a large cancer center. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005 Jul. 52(3):255-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Plosker GL, Figgitt DP. Linezolid: a pharmacoeconomic review of its use in serious Gram-positive infections. Pharmacoeconomics. 2005. 23(9):945-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Velissariou IM. Linezolid in children: recent patents and advances. Recent Patents Anti-Infect Drug Disc. 2007 Jan. 2(1):73-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kainer MA, Devasia RA, Jones TF, et al. Response to emerging infection leading to outbreak of linezolid-resistant enterococci. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 Jul. 13(7):1024-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Pogue JM, Paterson DL, Pasculle AW, et al. Determination of risk factors associated with isolation of linezolid-resistant strains of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007 Dec. 28(12):1382-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Poutsiaka DD, Skiffington S, Miller KB, et al. Daptomycin in the treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia in neutropenic patients. J Infect. 2007 Jun. 54(6):567-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Britt NS, Potter EM, Patel N, Steed ME. Comparison of the Effectiveness and Safety of Linezolid and Daptomycin in Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcal Bloodstream Infection: A National Cohort Study of Veterans Affairs Patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Sep 15. 61 (6):871-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Arias CA, Panesso D, McGrath DM, Qin X, Mojica MF, Miller C, et al. Genetic basis for in vivo daptomycin resistance in enterococci. N Engl J Med. 2011 Sep 8. 365(10):892-900. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Vouillamoz J, Moreillon P, Giddey M, et al. Efficacy of daptomycin in the treatment of experimental endocarditis due to susceptible and multidrug-resistant enterococci. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006 Dec. 58(6):1208-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Carugati M, Bayer AS, Miró JM, Park LP, Guimarães AC, Skoutelis A, et al. High-dose daptomycin therapy for left-sided infective endocarditis: a prospective study from the international collaboration on endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Dec. 57(12):6213-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Draghi DC, Benton BM, Krause KM, Thornsberry C, Pillar C, Sahm DF. Comparative surveillance study of telavancin activity against recently collected gram-positive clinical isolates from across the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Jul. 52(7):2383-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Kosowska-Shick K, Clark C, Pankuch GA, McGhee P, Dewasse B, Beachel L. Activity of telavancin against staphylococci and enterococci determined by MIC and resistance selection studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 Oct. 53(10):4217-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Corey GR, Kabler H, Mehra P, Gupta S, Overcash JS, Porwal A, et al. Single-dose oritavancin in the treatment of acute bacterial skin infections. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jun 5. 370(23):2180-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Prokocimer P, De Anda C, Fang E, Mehra P, Das A. Tedizolid phosphate vs linezolid for treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections: the ESTABLISH-1 randomized trial. JAMA. 2013 Feb 13. 309(6):559-69. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Moran GJ, Fang E, Corey GR, Das AF, De Anda C, Prokocimer P. Tedizolid for 6 days versus linezolid for 10 days for acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections (ESTABLISH-2): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014 Jun 5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Manley KJ, Fraenkel MB, Mayall BC, et al. Probiotic treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococci: a randomised controlled trial. Med J Aust. 2007 May 7. 186(9):454-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, et al. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation. 2007 Oct 9. 116(15):1736-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] Strausbaugh LJ, Siegel JD, Weinstein RA. Preventing transmission of multidrug-resistant bacteria in health care settings: a tale of 2 guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 15. 42(6):828-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Singh N, Léger MM, Campbell J, et al. Control of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in the neonatal intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005 Jul. 26(7):646-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Huskins WC, Huckabee CM, O'Grady NP, et al. Intervention to reduce transmission of resistant bacteria in intensive care. N Engl J Med. 2011 Apr 14. 364(15):1407-18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Guglielmo BJ, Dudas V, Maewal I, et al. Impact of a series of interventions in vancomycin prescribing on use and prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2005 Aug. 31(8):469-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
de Bruin MA, Riley LW. Does vancomycin prescribing intervention affect vancomycin-resistant enterococcus infection and colonization in hospitals? A systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2007 Apr 10. 7:24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Drees M, Snydman DR, Schmid CH, et al. Prior environmental contamination increases the risk of acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Mar 1. 46(5):678-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Eckstein BC, Adams DA, Eckstein EC, et al. Reduction of Clostridium Difficile and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus contamination of environmental surfaces after an intervention to improve cleaning methods. BMC Infect Dis. 2007 Jun 21. 7:61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Vernon MO, Hayden MK, Trick WE, et al. Chlorhexidine gluconate to cleanse patients in a medical intensive care unit: the effectiveness of source control to reduce the bioburden of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Feb 13. 166(3):306-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Fridkin SK, Edwards JR, Courval JM, et al. The effect of vancomycin and third-generation cephalosporins on prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in 126 U.S. adult intensive care units. Ann Intern Med. 2001 Aug 7. 135(3):175-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Aljefri DM, Avedissian SN, Rhodes NJ, Postelnick MJ, Nguyen K, Scheetz MH. Vancomycin Area Under the Curve and Acute Kidney Injury: A Meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Nov 13. 69 (11):1881-1887. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, et al. Infective Endocarditis in Adults: Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Management of Complications: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015 Oct 13. 132 (15):1435-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mazuski JE, Tessier JM, May AK, Sawyer RG, Nadler EP, Rosengart MR, et al. The Surgical Infection Society Revised Guidelines on the Management of Intra-Abdominal Infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2017 Jan. 18 (1):1-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Media Gallery

of 0

Table 1. Treatment Considerations for Enterococcal Infections.

Table 1. Treatment Considerations for Enterococcal Infections.

Critical Illness/Sepsis

Endovascular Infection (eg, Infectious Endocarditis)

Central Nervous System Infection

Bone/Joint Infection

Serious Organ Infection (eg, Intra-abdominal or Kidney)

Uncomplicated Skin Infections

Bladder Infections

Penicillin-Susceptible Enterococci

Ampicillin 2 g IV q4h plus gentamicin 1 mg/kg IBW q8h

Penicillin 18-30 MU daily via continuous infusion or in divided doses plus gentamicin 1 mg/kg IBW q8h

Ampicillin 2 g IV q4h plus ceftriaxone 2 g IV q12h

[Ampicillin plus imipenem-cilastatin]

Ampicillin 2 g IV q4h for 4-6 weeks plus gentamicin 1 mg/kg IBW q8h for 2-6 weeks (or streptomycin 7.5 mg/kg IBW IV or IM]

Penicillin 18-30 MU daily via continuous infusion or in divided doses for 4-6 weeks plus gentamicin 1 mg/kg IBW q8h for 2-6 weeks [or streptomycin 7.5 mg/kg IBW IV or IM]

Ampicillin 2 gm IV q4h plus ceftriaxone 2 g IV q12h for 6 weeks

[Ampicillin plus imipenem-cilastatin for 6 weeks]

Ampicillin 2 g IV q4h plus gentamicin 1 mg/kg IBW q8h for 2-3 weeks

Penicillin 18-30 MU daily via continuous infusion or in divided doses for 4-6 weeks plus gentamicin 1 mg/kg IBW q8h for 2-3 weeks

Ampicillin 2 g IV q4h plus ceftriaxone 2 g IV q12h for 2-3 weeks

[Ampicillin plus imipenem-cilastatin for 2-3 weeks]

Penicillin G 20-24 MU IV q24h in continuous dosing or divided q4h for 4-6 weeks

Ampicillin 12 g IV q24h continuously or in 6 divided doses for 4-6 weeks

(For both regimens above, synergistic aminoglycoside is optional)

Penicillin G 20-24 MU IV q24h in continuous dosing or divided q4h

Ampicillin 12 g IV q24h continuously or in 6 divided doses

(For both regimens above, synergistic aminoglycoside is optional)

Ampicillin 8 g IV daily in divided doses

Penicillin G 12 MU IV divided q4-6h

Amoxicillin (or IV ampicillin)

(Other options may include oral doxycycline, linezolid, fosfomycin or chloramphenicol)

Penicillin-Resistant Enterococci or Patient Unable to Tolerate Beta-lactams

Vancomycin 15 mg/kg q12h plus either gentamicin 1 mg/kg/8h IV or IM or streptomycin 7.5 mg/kg IV or IM every 12 hours

Vancomycin 15 mg/kg q12h plus either gentamicin 1 mg/kg IV or IM q8h or streptomycin 7.5 mg/kg IV or IM q12h for 6 weeks

Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q12h for 4-6 weeks

(Addition of aminoglycoside is optional)

Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q12h

(Addition of aminoglycoside is optional)

Vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q12h

(Addition of aminoglycoside is optional)

Nitrofurantoin

Doxycycline

Linezolid

Chloramphenicol

VRE

Linezolid 600 mg IV or PO q12h

Daptomycin 10-12 mg/kg once daily

Linezolid 600 mg IV or PO q12h for a minimum of 6 weeks

Daptomycin 10-12 mg/kg once daily for minimum of 6 weeks

Linezolid 600 mg IV or PO q12h for 2-3 weeks

Linezolid 600 mg IV or PO q12h for 4-6 weeks

Daptomycin 6 mg/kg once daily for 4-6 weeks

Linezolid 600 mg IV or PO q12h

Daptomycin 6 mg/kg once daily

Linezolid 600 mg IV or PO q12h

Daptomycin 4-6 mg/kg once daily

Nitrofurantoin

Doxycycline

Linezolid

Daptomycin

Chloramphenicol

Back to List

Author

Susan L Fraser, MD Infectious Diseases Physician, Providence St Peter Hospital; Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; Infectious Diseases Staff, VA Puget Sound

Susan L Fraser, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, HIV Medicine Association, Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Curtis J Donskey, MD Chairman of Infection Control, Instructor, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University

Curtis J Donskey, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert A Salata, MD, FACP, FIDSA STERIS Chair of Excellence in Medicine, Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Physician-in-Chief, Master Clinician in Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center

Robert A Salata, MD, FACP, FIDSA is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Immunologists, American Federation for Medical Research, American Medical Association, Central Society for Clinical and Translational Research, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Ohio State Medical Association, Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Chief Editor

John L Brusch, MD, FACP Corresponding Faculty Member, Harvard Medical School

John L Brusch, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Additional Contributors

David Hall Shepp, MD Program Director, Fellowship in Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital; Associate Professor, New York University School of Medicine

David Hall Shepp, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Received salary from Gilead Sciences for management position.

Acknowledgements

Julia Lim, MD Associate Program Director, Internal Medicine Residency Program, Tripler Army Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Enterococcal Infections Differential Diagnoses

Differential Diagnoses

References

Tables

Contributor Information and Disclosures

What would you like to print?