Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease (HFMD) Questions & Answers

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2. Chong CY, Chan KP, Shah VA, Ng WY, Lau G, Teo TE, et al. Hand, foot and mouth disease in Singapore: a comparison of fatal and non-fatal cases. Acta Paediatr. 2003 Oct. 92(10):1163-9. [Medline].

3. Chen TC, Chen GW, Hsiung CA, Yang JY, Shih SR, Lai YK, et al. Combining multiplex reverse transcription-PCR and a diagnostic microarray to detect and differentiate enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Jun. 44(6):2212-9. [Medline].

4. Thomas I, Janniger CK. Hand, foot, and mouth disease. Cutis. 1993 Nov. 52(5):265-6. [Medline].

5. Toida M, Watanabe F, Goto K, Shibata T. Usefulness of low-level laser for control of painful stomatitis in patients with hand-foot-and-mouth disease. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 2003 Dec. 21(6):363-7. [Medline].

6. Wang SM, Liu CC. Enterovirus 71: epidemiology, pathogenesis and management. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2009 Aug. 7(6):735-42. [Medline].

7. Saeed A, Khan QM, Waheed U, Arshad M, Asif M, Farooq M. RT-PCR evaluation for identification and sequence analysis of foot-and-mouth disease serotype O from 2006 to 2007 in Punjab, Pakistan. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011 Mar. 34(2):95-101. [Medline].

8. Chen SC, Chang HL, Yan TR, Cheng YT, Chen KT. An eight-year study of epidemiologic features of enterovirus 71 infection in Taiwan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007 Jul. 77(1):188-91. [Medline].

9. Chang LY, Lin TY, Huang YC, Tsao KC, Shih SR, Kuo ML, et al. Comparison of enterovirus 71 and coxsackie-virus A16 clinical illnesses during the Taiwan enterovirus epidemic, 1998. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999 Dec. 18(12):1092-6. [Medline].

10. Chen KT, Chang HL, Wang ST, Cheng YT, Yang JY. Epidemiologic features of hand-foot-mouth disease and herpangina caused by enterovirus 71 in Taiwan, 1998-2005. Pediatrics. 2007 Aug. 120(2):e244-52. [Medline].

11. Ahmad K. Hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreak reported in Singapore. Lancet. 2000 Oct 14. 356(9238):1338. [Medline].

12. Tan CW, Lai JK, Sam IC, Chan YF. Recent developments in antiviral agents against enterovirus 71 infection. J Biomed Sci. 2014. 21:14. [Medline].

13. Boughton B. EV71: Vaccine Prevents Hand-Foot-Mouth, Associated Disease. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/804983. Accessed: June 4, 2013.

14. Chan YF, AbuBaker S. Recombinant human enterovirus 71 in hand, foot and mouth disease patients. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Aug. 10(8):1468-70. [Medline].

15. Chang LY, King CC, Hsu KH, Ning HC, Tsao KC, Li CC, et al. Risk factors of enterovirus 71 infection and associated hand, foot, and mouth disease/herpangina in children during an epidemic in Taiwan. Pediatrics. 2002 Jun. 109(6):e88. [Medline].

16. Cherry JD. Contemporary infectious exanthems. Clin Infect Dis. 1993 Feb. 16(2):199-205. [Medline].

17. Faulkner CF, Godbolt AM, DeAmbrosis B, Triscott J. Hand, foot and mouth disease in an immunocompromised adult treated with aciclovir. Australas J Dermatol. 2003 Aug. 44(3):203-6. [Medline].

18. Frydenberg A, Starr M. Hand, foot and mouth disease. Aust Fam Physician. 2003 Aug. 32(8):594-5. [Medline].

19. Hooi PS, Chua BH, Lee CS, Lam SK, Chua KB. Hand, foot and mouth disease: University Malaya Medical Centre experience. Med J Malaysia. 2002 Mar. 57(1):88-91. [Medline].

20. Kuo RL, Kung SH, Hsu YY, Liu WT. Infection with enterovirus 71 or expression of its 2A protease induces apoptotic cell death. J Gen Virol. 2002 Jun. 83(Pt 6):1367-76. [Medline].

21. McMinn P, Stratov I, Nagarajan L, Davis S. Neurological manifestations of enterovirus 71 infection in children during an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Western Australia. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Jan 15. 32(2):236-42. [Medline].

22. McMinn PC. An overview of the evolution of enterovirus 71 and its clinical and public health significance. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2002 Mar. 26(1):91-107. [Medline].

23. Miller GD, Tindall JP. Hand-foot-and-mouth disease. JAMA. 1968 Mar 4. 203(10):827-30. [Medline].

24. Modlin JF. Enterovirus deja vu. N Engl J Med. 2007 Mar 22. 356(12):1204-5. [Medline].

25. Modlin JF. Coxsachie Virus, Echoviruses, and Newer Enteroviruses. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Disease. 5th ed. 2000. 1904-17.

26. Ooi MH, Solomon T, Podin Y, Mohan A, Akin W, Yusuf MA, et al. Evaluation of different clinical sample types in diagnosis of human enterovirus 71-associated hand-foot-and-mouth disease. J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Jun. 45(6):1858-66. [Medline].

27. Ooi MH, Wong SC, Clear D, Perera D, Krishnan S, Preston T, et al. Adenovirus type 21-associated acute flaccid paralysis during an outbreak of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Sarawak, Malaysia. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Mar 1. 36(5):550-9. [Medline].

28. Prager P, Nolan M, Andrews IP, Williams GD. Neurogenic pulmonary edema in enterovirus 71 encephalitis is not uniformly fatal but causes severe morbidity in survivors. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2003 Jul. 4(3):377-81. [Medline].

29. Scott LA, Stone MS. Viral exanthems. Dermatol Online J. 2003 Aug. 9(3):4. [Medline].

30. Shekhar K, Lye MS, Norlijah O, Ong F, Looi LM, Khuzaiah R, et al. Deaths in children during an outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease in Peninsular Malaysia--clinical and pathological characteristics. Med J Malaysia. 2005 Aug. 60(3):297-304. [Medline].

31. Shimizu H, Okuyama K, Hirai Y. Epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease in Kawasaki City, Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2005 Oct. 58(5):330-1. [Medline].

32. Shimizu H, Utama A, Onnimala N, Li C, Li-Bi Z, Yu-Jie M, et al. Molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 infection in the Western Pacific Region. Pediatr Int. 2004 Apr. 46(2):231-5. [Medline].

33. Singh S, Poh CL, Chow VT. Complete sequence analyses of enterovirus 71 strains from fatal and non-fatal cases of the hand, foot and mouth disease outbreak in Singapore (2000). Microbiol Immunol. 2002. 46(11):801-8. [Medline].

34. Solomon T. Exotic and emerging viral encephalitides. Curr Opin Neurol. 2003 Jun. 16(3):411-8. [Medline].

35. Sutton-Hayes S, Weisse ME, Wilson NW, Ogershok PR. A recurrent presentation of hand, foot, and mouth disease. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2006 May. 45(4):373-6. [Medline].

36. Tsao KC, Chang PY, Ning HC, Sun CF, Lin TY, Chang LY, et al. Use of molecular assay in diagnosis of hand, foot and mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71 or coxsackievirus A 16. J Virol Methods. 2002 Apr. 102(1-2):9-14. [Medline].

37. Tsao LY, Lin CY, Yu YY, Wang BT. Microchip, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and culture methods to detect enterovirus infection in pediatric patients. Pediatr Int. 2006 Feb. 48(1):5-10. [Medline].

38. Tseng FC, Huang HC, Chi CY, Lin TL, Liu CC, Jian JW, et al. Epidemiological survey of enterovirus infections occurring in Taiwan between 2000 and 2005: Analysis of sentinel physician surveillance data. J Med Virol. 2007 Dec. 79(12):1850-60. [Medline].

39. Wang CY, Li Lu F, Wu MH, Lee CY, Huang LM. Fatal coxsackievirus A16 infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004 Mar. 23(3):275-6. [Medline].

40. Zhu FC, Meng FY, Li JX, Li XL, Mao QY, Tao H, et al. Efficacy, safety, and immunology of an inactivated alum-adjuvant enterovirus 71 vaccine in children in China: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2013 May 28. [Medline].

41. Zhu Z, Xu WB, Xu AQ, Wang HY, Zhang Y, Song LZ, et al. Molecular epidemiological analysis of echovirus 19 isolated from an outbreak associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in Shandong Province of China. Biomed Environ Sci. 2007 Aug. 20(4):321-8. [Medline].

Stephen J Nervi, MD Staff Physician, Department of Dermatology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School

Stephen J Nervi, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, Sigma Xi

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH Professor and Head of Dermatology, Professor of Pathology, Professor of Pediatrics, Professor of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School

Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, New York Academy of Medicine, Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, Sigma Xi

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Rajendra Kapila, MD, MBBS Professor, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School

Rajendra Kapila, MD, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Infectious Diseases Society of New Jersey

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Thomas M Kerkering, MD Chief of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine

Thomas M Kerkering, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Public Health Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Medical Society of Virginia, Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD David Ross Boyd Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Stewart G Wolf Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Master of the American College of Physicians; Fellow, Infectious Diseases Society of America; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Association of Professors of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Oklahoma State Medical Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gary L Gorby, MD Associate Professor, Departments of Internal Medicine and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Creighton University School of Medicine; Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center; Associate Chair, Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Gary L Gorby, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, New York Academy of Sciences

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Diane H Johnson, MD Assistant Director, Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Winthrop-University Hospital, State University of New York at Stony Brook School of Medicine

Diane H Johnson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Medical Women's Association, American Society for Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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