Calcium Channel Blocker Toxicity Questions & Answers

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44. Kerns W 2nd. Management of beta-adrenergic blocker and calcium channel antagonist toxicity. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2007 May. 25(2):309-31; abstract viii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Koury SI, Stone CK, Thomas SH. Amrinone as an antidote in experimental verapamil overdose. Acad Emerg Med. 1996 Aug. 3(8):762-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Ramoska EA, Spiller HA, Myers A. Calcium channel blocker toxicity. Ann Emerg Med. 1990 Jun. 19(6):649-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Ramoska EA, Spiller HA, Winter M, Borys D. A one-year evaluation of calcium channel blocker overdoses: toxicity and treatment. Ann Emerg Med. 1993 Feb. 22(2):196-200. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Smilkstein MJ. Perfusion salad: making sense of verapamil overdose. Acad Emerg Med. 1996 Feb. 3(2):99-100. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Tuncok Y, Apaydin S, Kalkan S, Ates M, Guven H. The effects of amrinone and glucagon on verapamil-induced cardiovascular toxicity in anaesthetized rats. Int J Exp Pathol. 1996 Oct. 77(5):207-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

50. Engebretsen KM, Kaczmarek KM, Morgan J, Holger JS. High-dose insulin therapy in beta-blocker and calcium channel-blocker poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2011 Apr. 49(4):277-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Mycyk MB, Bryant SM. Is simple bedside glucose assessment prognostic in calcium channel blocker overdose?. Crit Care Med. 2007 Sep. 35(9):2216-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Verbrugge LB, van Wezel HB. Pathophysiology of verapamil overdose: new insights in the role of insulin. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2007 Jun. 21(3):406-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Patel NP, Pugh ME, Goldberg S, Eiger G. Hyperinsulinemic euglycemia therapy for verapamil poisoning: case report. Am J Crit Care. 2007 Sep. 16(5):520, 518-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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55. Kline JA, Leonova E, Raymond RM. Beneficial myocardial metabolic effects of insulin during verapamil toxicity in the anesthetized canine. Crit Care Med. 1995 Jul. 23(7):1251-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Yuan TH, Kerns WP 2nd, Tomaszewski CA, Ford MD, Kline JA. Insulin-glucose as adjunctive therapy for severe calcium channel antagonist poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1999. 37(4):463-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Patel NP, Pugh ME, Goldberg S, Eiger G. Hyperinsulinemic euglycemia therapy for verapamil poisoning: a review. Am J Crit Care. 2007 Sep. 16(5):498-503. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Lheureux PE, Zahir S, Gris M, Derrey AS, Penaloza A. Bench-to-bedside review: hyperinsulinaemia/euglycaemia therapy in the management of overdose of calcium-channel blockers. Crit Care. 2006. 10(3):212. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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60. Ortiz-Muñoz L, Rodriguez-Ospina LF, Figueroa-Gonzalez M. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic therapy for intoxication with calcium channel blockers. Bol Asoc Med P R. 2005 Jul-Sep. 97(3 Pt 2):182-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Shepherd G, Klein-Schwartz W. High-dose insulin therapy for calcium-channel blocker overdose. Ann Pharmacother. 2005 May. 39(5):923-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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64. Young AC, Velez LI, Kleinschmidt KC. Intravenous fat emulsion therapy for intentional sustained-release verapamil overdose. Resuscitation. 2009 May. 80(5):591-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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B Zane Horowitz, MD, FACMT Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University School of Medicine; Medical Director, Oregon Poison Center; Medical Director, Alaska Poison Control System

B Zane Horowitz, MD, FACMT is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Medical Toxicology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Derrick Lung, MD, MPH, FACEP, FACMT Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, San Mateo Medical Center

Derrick Lung, MD, MPH, FACEP, FACMT is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Medical Toxicology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael A Miller, MD Clinical Professor of Emergency Medicine, Medical Toxicologist, Department of Emergency Medicine, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center; CHRISTUS Spohn Emergency Medicine Residency Program

Michael A Miller, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Medical Toxicology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John G Benitez, MD, MPH Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Medical Toxicology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Managing Director, Tennessee Poison Center

John G Benitez, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Medical Toxicology, American College of Preventive Medicine, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, and Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Timothy E Corden, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Co-Director, Policy Core, Injury Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin; Associate Director, PICU, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin

Timothy E Corden, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, Phi Beta Kappa, Society of Critical Care Medicine, and Wisconsin Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David C Lee, MD Research Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Associate Professor, North Shore University Hospital and New York University Medical School

David C Lee, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Medical Toxicology, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mark A Silverberg, MD, MMB, FACEP Assistant Professor, Associate Residency Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York Downstate College of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, Kings County Hospital, University Hospital, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center

Mark A Silverberg, MD, MMB, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jeffrey R Tucker, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Connecticut and Connecticut Children's Medical Center

Disclosure: Merck Salary Employment

John T VanDeVoort, PharmD Regional Director of Pharmacy, Sacred Heart and St Joseph's Hospitals

John T VanDeVoort, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose .

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