Influenza Questions & Answers

1. 2021-2022 U.S. Flu Season: Preliminary Burden Estimates. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/burden/preliminary-in-season-estimates.htm. 2022 Jun 17; Accessed: August 4, 2022.

2. Gu Y, Komiya N, Kamiya H, Yasui Y, Taniguchi K, Okabe N. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 transmission during presymptomatic phase, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 Sep. 17(9):1737-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. Guharoy R, Gilroy SA, Noviasky JA, Ference J. West Nile virus infection. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2004 Jun 15. 61(12):1235-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Jefferson T, Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti A, Bawazeer GA, Al-Ansary LA, Ferroni E. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jul 7. CD001269. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Brooks M. FDA Okays 4-Strain Seasonal Influenza Vaccine. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/776271?src=nl_newsalert. December 17, 2012; Accessed: November 4, 2021.

6. FDA Information Regarding FluMist Quadrivalent Vaccine. US Food and Drug Administration. Available at https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/fda-information-regarding-flumist-quadrivalent-vaccine. January 6, 2018; Accessed: November 4, 2021.

7. H5N1 Influenza Virus Vaccine, manufactured by Sanofi Pasteur, Inc. Questions and Answers. US Food and Drug Administration. Available at https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/h5n1-influenza-virus-vaccine-manufactured-sanofi-pasteur-inc-questions-and-answers. March 23, 2018; Accessed: November 4, 2021.

8. Merced-Morales A, Daly P, Abd Elal AI, Ajayi N, Annan E, Budd A, et al. Influenza Activity and Composition of the 2022-23 Influenza Vaccine - United States, 2021-22 Season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 Jul 22. 71 (29):913-919. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

9. Kilbourne ED. Influenza pandemics of the 20th century. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Jan. 12(1):9-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

10. Seasonal Influenza (Flu): Guidance for Clinicians on the Use of RT-PCR and Other Molecular Assays for Diagnosis of Influenza Virus Infection. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/diagnosis/molecular-assays.htm. Accessed: November 4, 2021.

11. Moscona A. Neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza. N Engl J Med. 2005 Sep 29. 353 (13):1363-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Drake JW. Rates of spontaneous mutation among RNA viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 May 1. 90(9):4171-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

13. Influenza (Avian and other zoonotic). World Health Organization. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(avian-and-other-zoonotic). 2005 Sep 29; Accessed: November 4, 2021.

14. World Health Organization Writing Group, Bell D, Nicoll A, et al. Non-pharmaceutical interventions for pandemic influenza, international measures. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Jan. 12 (1):81-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

15. Auewarakul P, Suptawiwat O, Kongchanagul A, et al. An avian influenza H5N1 virus that binds to a human-type receptor. J Virol. 2007 Sep. 81(18):9950-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

16. Cumulative number of confirmed human cases for avian influenza A(H5N1) reported to WHO, 2003-2021. World Health Organization. Available at https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/cumulative-number-of-confirmed-human-cases-for-avian-influenza-a(h5n1)-reported-to-who-2003-2021-15-april-2021. 15 Apr 2021; Accessed: November 4, 2021.

17. Matsuzaki Y, Abiko C, Mizuta K, et al. A nationwide epidemic of influenza C virus infection in Japan in 2004. J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Mar. 45(3):783-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

18. Brown T. Influenza Continues Unabated in US, Deaths in the Thousands. Medscape Medical News. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/923428. January 6, 2020; Accessed: November 4, 2021.

19. World Health Organization. Global Influenza Strategy 2019-2030. World Health Organization. Available at https://www.who.int/influenza/Global_Influenza_Strategy_2019_2030_Summary_English.pdf. Accessed: October 12, 2021.

20. 2020-21 Flu Season Summary FAQ. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/season/current-season.htm. September 8, 2010; Accessed: November 4, 2021.

21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Avian Influenza A Virus Infections in Humans. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/avian-in-humans.htm. Accessed: November 4, 2021.

22. Wang TT, Parides MK, Palese P. Seroevidence for H5N1 influenza infections in humans: meta-analysis. Science. 2012 Mar 23. 335 (6075):1463. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Lau D, Eurich D, Majumdar S, Katz A, Johnson J. Working-age adults with diabetes experience greatersusceptibility to seasonal influenza: a population-based cohort study. Diabetologia- Springer Link. Available at http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-013-3158-8#. Accessed: November 4, 2021.

24. Melville N. New Evidence: Diabetes Does Up Risk for Flu-Related Illness. Medscape [serial online]. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/819737. Accessed: November 4, 2021.

25. Steininger C, Popow-Kraupp T, Laferl H, et al. Acute encephalopathy associated with influenza A virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Mar 1. 36(5):567-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Chertow DS, Memoli MJ. Bacterial coinfection in influenza: a grand rounds review. JAMA. 2013 Jan 16. 309(3):275-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Tasher D, Stein M, Simoes EA, Shohat T, Bromberg M, Somekh E. Invasive bacterial infections in relation to influenza outbreaks, 2006-2010. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Dec. 53 (12):1199-207. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Waldeck F, Boroli F, Suh N, Wendel Garcia PD, Flury D, Notter J, et al. Influenza-associated aspergillosis in critically-ill patients-a retrospective bicentric cohort study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020 Oct. 39 (10):1915-1923. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Kumar K, Guirgis M, Zieroth S, et al. Influenza myocarditis and myositis: case presentation and review of the literature. Can J Cardiol. 2011 Jul-Aug. 27(4):514-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Apisarnthanarak A, Erb S, Stephenson I, et al. Seroprevalence of anti-H5 antibody among Thai health care workers after exposure to avian influenza (H5N1) in a tertiary care center. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Jan 15. 40(2):e16-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. [Guideline] Interim Guidance on Testing, Specimen Collection, and Processing for Patients with Suspected Infection with Novel Influenza A Viruses with the Potential to Cause Severe Disease in Humans. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/severe-potential.htm. Accessed: November 4, 2021.

32. [Guideline] Clinical management of human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. World Health Organization. World Health Organization. Available at http://www.who.int/influenza/resources/documents/ClinicalManagement07.pdf. August 15, 2007; Accessed: November 5, 2021.

33. H5N1 avian influenza: Timeline of major events. World Health Organization. Available at https://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/H5N1_avian_influenza_update20140317.pdf. March 17, 2014; Accessed: November 5, 2021.

34. Rapid Diagnostic Testing for Influenza: Information for Clinical Laboratory Directors. US Food and Drug Administration. Available at http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/AlertsandNotices/TipsandArticlesonDeviceSafety/ucm109432.htm%20. Accessed: November 5, 2021.

35. Chartrand C, Leeflang MM, Minion J, Brewer T, Pai M. Accuracy of rapid influenza diagnostic tests: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2012 Apr 3. 156(7):500-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Landry ML. Diagnostic tests for influenza infection. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2011 Feb. 23(1):91-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Lowes R. New Flu Test Delivers Molecular Results in Under 15 Minutes. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/826847. June 16, 2014; Accessed: November 5, 2021.

38. Haran JP, Buglione-Corbett R, Lu S. Cytokine markers as predictors of type of respiratory infection in patients during the influenza season. Am J Emerg Med. 2013 May. 31(5):816-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Oner AF, Bay A, Arslan S, et al. Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in eastern Turkey in 2006. N Engl J Med. 2006 Nov 23. 355(21):2179-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Barclay L. FDA Clearance for Avian Influenza A Rapid Test. Medscape. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/590848. April 9, 2009; Accessed: November 5, 2021.

41. Beigel JH, Farrar J, Han AM, et al. Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans. N Engl J Med. 2005 Sep 29. 353(13):1374-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Chotpitayasunondh T, Ungchusak K, Hanshaoworakul W, et al. Human disease from influenza A (H5N1), Thailand, 2004. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005 Feb. 11(2):201-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

43. Interim Guidance for Specimen Collection, Processing, and Testing for Patients with Suspected Infection with Novel Influenza A Viruses Associated with Severe Disease in Humans. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/h7n9/specimen-collection.htm. May 28, 2014; Accessed: November 5, 2021.

44. Brown T. CDC Releases New H7N9 Testing Recommendations. Medscape [serial online]. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/805620. June 11, 2013; Accessed: November 5, 2021.

45. CDC. Asian Lineage Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Available at https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/h7n9-virus.htm. December 7, 2018; Accessed: November 5, 2021.

46. Prevent Seasonal Flu. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/index.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fflu%2Fprotect%2Fvaccine%2Findex.htm. October 25, 2021; Accessed: November 5, 2021.

47. [Guideline] Robinson CL, Romero JR, Kempe A, Pellegrini C, Szilagyi P. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedule for Children and Adolescents Aged 18 Years or Younger - United States, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Feb 9. 67 (5):156-157. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

48. Flu Vaccine and People with Egg Allergies. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/egg-allergies.htm. September 22, 2020; Accessed: November 4, 2021.

49. Lee V, Yap J, Cook AR, et al. Effectiveness of public health measures in mitigating pandemic influenza spread: a prospective sero-epidemiological cohort study. J Infect Dis. 2010 Nov 1. 202 (9):1319-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Brown T. First Human Trial of Universal Flu Vaccine Underway. Medscape Medical News. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/911374. April 4, 2019; Accessed: November 5, 2021.

51. Lowes R. FDA Okays Novel Flu Vaccine Made Without Eggs, Viruses. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/777773. January 16, 2013; Accessed: November 5, 2021.

52. Maternal and Infant Outcomes Among Severely Ill Pregnant and Postpartum Women with 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) --- United States, April 2009--August 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Sep 9 2011;60:1193-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

53. Benowitz I, Esposito DB, Gracey KD, Shapiro ED, Vazquez M. Influenza vaccine given to pregnant women reduces hospitalization due to influenza in their infants. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Dec 15. 51 (12):1355-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Brooks M. Trivalent Flu Vaccine Works in Pregnant Women. Medscape. Dec 13 2013. [Full Text].

55. Thompson MG, Li DK, Shifflett P, et al. Effectiveness of seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine for preventing influenza virus illness among pregnant women: a population-based case-control study during the 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 influenza seasons. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Nov 26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Influenza vaccination coverage among pregnant women--United States, 2012-13 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013 Sep 27. 62(38):787-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

57. Falsey AR, Treanor JJ, Tornieporth N, Capellan J, Gorse GJ. Randomized, double-blind controlled phase 3 trial comparing the immunogenicity of high-dose and standard-dose influenza vaccine in adults 65 years of age and older. J Infect Dis. 2009 Jul 15. 200 (2):172-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. DiazGranados CA, Dunning AJ, Kimmel M, et al. Efficacy of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccine in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2014 Aug 14. 371(7):635-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Garcia J. Influenza: high-dose vaccine decreases flu in older adults. Medscape Medical News. August 14, 2014. [Full Text].

60. Woods JA, Keylock KT, Lowder T, et al. Cardiovascular exercise training extends influenza vaccine seroprotection in sedentary older adults: the immune function intervention trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 Dec. 57 (12):2183-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Alsharifi M, Furuya Y, Bowden TR, et al. Intranasal flu vaccine protective against seasonal and H5N1 avian influenza infections. PLoS One. 2009. 4 (4):e5336. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. MacMahon KL, Delaney LJ, Kullman G, Gibbins JD, Decker J, Kiefer MJ. Protecting poultry workers from exposure to avian influenza viruses. Public Health Rep. 2008 May-Jun. 123(3):316-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

63. Gray GC, Baker WS. The importance of including swine and poultry workers in influenza vaccination programs. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Dec. 82 (6):638-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. H5N1 Influenza Virus Vaccine Questions and Answers. US Food and Drug Administration. Available at https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/h5n1-influenza-virus-vaccine-manufactured-sanofi-pasteur-inc-questions-and-answers. March 23, 2018; Accessed: November 5, 2021.

65. Belshe RB, Frey SE, Graham I, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of influenza A H5 subunit vaccines: effect of vaccine schedule and antigenic variant. J Infect Dis. 2011 Mar 1. 203(5):666-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

66. Lowes R. FDA Approves First Adjuvanted Vaccine for H5N1 Bird Flu. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/814914. Nov 22 2013; Accessed: November 5, 2021.

67. Gensheimer KF, Meltzer MI, Postema AS, Strikas RA. Influenza pandemic preparedness. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Dec. 9(12):1645-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

68. Healthy Habits to Help Protect Against Flu. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/habits.htm. Accessed: November 5, 2021.

69. [Guideline] Influenza Antiviral Medications: Summary for Clinicians. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Available at https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/antivirals/summary-clinicians.htm. 2018 Dec 27; Accessed: November 5, 2021.

70. [Guideline] Uyeki TM, Bernstein HH, Bradley JS, Englund JA, File TM, Fry AM, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America: 2018 Update on Diagnosis, Treatment, Chemoprophylaxis, and Institutional Outbreak Management of Seasonal Influenzaa. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Mar 5. 68 (6):e1-e47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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74. Lam J, Nikhanj N, Ngab T, et al. Severe cases of pandemic H1N1 pneumonia and respiratory failure requiring intensive care. J Intensive Care Med. 2011 Sep-Oct. 26 (5):318-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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76. Hayden FG, Sugaya N, Hirotsu N, Lee N, de Jong MD, Hurt AC, et al. Baloxavir Marboxil for Uncomplicated Influenza in Adults and Adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2018 Sep 6. 379 (10):913-923. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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Hien H Nguyen, MD, MS Chief of Infectious Diseases, VA Northern California Health Care System; Clinical Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Infectious Diseases Consultant and Hospitalist, University of California, Davis, Health System; Medical Director, Acute Infections Management Service, Antimicrobial Infusion Service

Hien H Nguyen, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Society of Critical Care Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert W Derlet, MD Professor of Emergency Medicine, University of California at Davis School of Medicine; Chief Emeritus, Emergency Department, University of California at Davis Health System

Robert W Derlet, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD David Ross Boyd Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Stewart G Wolf Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Master of the American College of Physicians; Fellow, Infectious Diseases Society of America; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Association of Professors of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Oklahoma State Medical Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Christian E Sandrock, MD, MPH, FCCP Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center

Christian E Sandrock, MD, MPH, FCCP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Received honoraria from Pfizer for speaking and teaching; Received honoraria from Pfizer for consulting; Received honoraria from therevance for consulting; Received honoraria from GSK for speaking and teaching.

Nicholas John Bennett, MB, BCh, PhD, Assistant Professor in Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Connecticut Children's Medical Center

Nicholas John Bennett, MB, BCh, PhD, is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha and American Academy of Pediatrics

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ethan E Bodle, MD, MPH Associate Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaiser Permanente East Bay Medical Center

Ethan E Bodle, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and American Public Health Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joseph Domachowske, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York Upstate Medical University

Joseph Domachowske, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jon Mark Hirshon, MD, MPH Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine

Jon Mark Hirshon, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Public Health Association, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Edmond A Hooker II, MD, DrPH, FAAEM Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Associate Professor, Department of Health Services Administration, Xavier University

Edmond A Hooker II, MD, DrPH, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Public Health Association, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joseph F John Jr, MD, FACP, FIDSA, FSHEA Clinical Professor of Medicine, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine; Associate Chief of Staff for Education, Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ruth Lawrence, MD Chief, Division of Infectious and Immunologic Diseases, Director of Medical Student Education, Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Health System

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Klaus-Dieter Lessnau, MD, FCCP Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine; Medical Director, Pulmonary Physiology Laboratory; Director of Research in Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital

Klaus-Dieter Lessnau, MD, FCCP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Thoracic Society, and Society of Critical Care Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Frederick Burton Rose, MD, FACP Professor, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Epidemiologist, State University of New York Upstate Medical University

Frederick Burton Rose, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Charles V Sanders, MD Edgar Hull Professor and Chairman, Department of Internal Medicine, Professor of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine at New Orleans; Medical Director, Medicine Hospital Center, Charity Hospital and Medical Center of Louisiana at New Orleans; Consulting Staff, Ochsner Medical Center

Charles V Sanders, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics, Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of University Professors, American Clinical and Climatological Association, American College of Physician Executives, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, American Foundation for AIDS Research, AmericanGeriatricsSociety, American Lung Association, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Thoracic Society, American Venereal Disease Association, Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Association of American Medical Colleges, Association of American Physicians, Association of Professors of Medicine, Infectious Disease Society for Obstetrics and Gynecology, InfectiousDiseases Societyof America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Orleans Parish Medical Society, Royal Society of Medicine, Sigma Xi, Society of General Internal Medicine, Southeastern Clinical Club, Southern Medical Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation, and Southwestern Association of Clinical Microbiology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

David Yew, MD Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Surgery, University of Hawaii, John A Burns School of Medicine; Medical Director and Flight Physician, Hawaii Life Flight, AirMed International

David Yew, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Air Medical Physician Association and American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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