Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV) Questions & Answers

1. Beigi, Richard H. Lymphogranuloma Venereum. Beigi, Richard H. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1st ed. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, LTD; 2012. 49 - 52. [Full Text].

2. Oud EV, de Vrieze NH, de Meij A, de Vries HJ. Pitfalls in the diagnosis and management of inguinal lymphogranuloma venereum: important lessons from a case series. Sex Transm Infect. 2014 Jun. 90(4):279-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. [Guideline] de Vries HJ, Zingoni A, Kreuter A, Moi H, White JA. 2013 European guideline on the management of lymphogranuloma venereum. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014 Mar 24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. de Vrieze NH, de Vries HJ. Lymphogranuloma venereum among men who have sex with men. An epidemiological and clinical review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2014 Jun. 12(6):697-704. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Nieuwenhuis RF, Ossewaarde JM, Götz HM, Dees J, Thio HB, Thomeer MG, et al. Resurgence of lymphogranuloma venereum in Western Europe: an outbreak of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar l2 proctitis in The Netherlands among men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Oct 1. 39 (7):996-1003. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Rönn M, Hughes G, White P, Simms I, Ison C, Ward H. Characteristics of LGV repeaters: analysis of LGV surveillance data. Sex Transm Infect. 2014 Jun. 90 (4):275-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Soni S, Srirajaskanthan R, Lucas SB, Alexander S, Wong T, White JA. Lymphogranuloma venereum proctitis masquerading as inflammatory bowel disease in 12 homosexual men. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. July/2010. 32:59-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

8. Schachter J. Confirming positive results of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for Chlamydia trachomatis: all NAATs are not created equal. J Clin Microbiol. 2005. 43:1372-1373.

9. Kapoor S. Re-emergence of lymphogranuloma venereum. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. April/2008. 22:409-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

10. White JA. Manifestations and management of lymphogranuloma venereum. Curr Opin Infect Dis. Feb/2009. 22:57-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. de Voux A, Kent JB, Macomber K, Krzanowski K, Jackson D, Starr T, et al. Notes from the Field: Cluster of Lymphogranuloma Venereum Cases Among Men Who Have Sex with Men - Michigan, August 2015-April 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016 Sep 2. 65 (34):920-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Hardick J, Quinn N, Eshelman S, Piwowar-Manning E, Cummings V, Marsigila VC, et al. O3-S6.04 Multi-site screening for lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) in the USA. Sex Transm Infect. 2011. 87 (Suppl 1):[Full Text].

13. de Voux A, Kent JB, Macomber K, Krzanowski K, Jackson D, Starr T, et al. Notes from the Field: Cluster of Lymphogranuloma Venereum Cases Among Men Who Have Sex with Men - Michigan, August 2015-April 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016 Sep 2. 65 (34):920-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Wolff K, Lowell G, Stephen K, et al. Lymphogranuloma Venereum. Wolff K, Lowell G, Stephen K, et al. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 7th. United States: McGraw-Hill; 2008. 1: Chapter 203. [Full Text].

15. Martin-Iguacel R, Llibre JM, Nielsen H, Heras E, Matas L, Lugo R, et al. Lymphogranuloma venereum proctocolitis: a silent endemic disease in men who have sex with men in industrialised countries. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. August 2010. 29:917-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

16. Vanousova D, Zakouzka H, Jilich D, et al. First detection of Chlamydia trachomatis LGV biovar in the Czech Republic, 2010–2011. Eurosurvelliance. 2011. 17:article 2. [Full Text].

17. López-Vicente J, Rodríguez-Alcalde D, Hernández-Villalba L, Moreno-Sánchez D, Lumbreras-Cabrera M, Barros-Aguado C, et al. Proctitis as the clinical presentation of lymphogranuloma venereum, a re-emerging disease in developed countries. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2014 Jan. 106(1):59-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. CDC. Lymphogranuloma venereum among men who have sex with men--Netherlands, 2003-2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004. 53:985-988. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

19. Stary G, Stary A. Lymphogranuloma venereum outbreak in Europe. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2008 Nov. 6(11):935-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Gomes JP, Nunes A, Florindo C, Ferreira MA, Santo I, Azevedo J, et al. Lymphogranuloma venereum in Portugal: unusual events and new variants during 2007. Sex Transm Dis. 2009 Feb. 36(2):88-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Sethi G, Allason-Jones E, Richens J, Annan NT, Hawkins D, Ekbote A, et al. Lymphogranuloma venereum presenting as genital ulceration and inguinal syndrome in men who have sex with men in London, United Kingdom. Sex Transm Infect. 2008 Dec 9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Robertson A, Azariah S, Bromhead C, Tabrizi S, Blackmore T. Case report: lymphogranuloma venereum in New Zealand. Sex Health. 2008 Dec. 5(4):369-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Cusini M, Boneschi V, Arancio L, Ramoni S, Venegoni L, Gaiani F, et al. Lymphogranuloma Venereum: the Italian experience. Sex Transm Infect. 2008 Nov 26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Ward H, Alexander S, Carder C, Dean G, French P, Ivens D, et al. The prevalence of Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) infection in men who have sex with men: results of a multi-centre case finding study. Sex Transm Infect. 2009 Feb 15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Acknowledgement: Maria Jose Borrego. ESSTI_ALERT: LGV Cases Reported inDenmark and Portugal. ESTTI/Health Protection Agency. June 2007. Available at http://www.essti.org/publications.php.

26. Saxon C, Hughes G, Ison C, UK LGV Case-Finding Group. Asymptomatic Lymphogranuloma Venereum in Men who Have Sex with Men, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016 Jan. 22 (1):112-116. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Tinmouth J, Gilmour MW, Kovacs C, Kropp R, Mitterni L, Rachlis A, et al. Is there a reservoir of sub-clinical lymphogranuloma venereum and non-LGV Chlamydia trachomatis infection in men who have sex with men?. Int J STD AIDS. 2008 Dec. 19(12):805-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. de Vries HJ, van der Bij AK, Fennema JS, Smit C, de Wolf F, Prins M, et al. Lymphogranuloma venereum proctitis in men who have sex with men is associated with anal enema use and high-risk behavior. Sex Transm Dis. 2008 Feb. 35(2):203-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Savage EJ, van de Laar MJ, Gallay A, van der Sande M, Hamouda O, Sasse A, et al. Lymphogranuloma venereum in Europe, 2003-2008. Euro Surveill. Dec/2009. 14:48. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

30. McLean CA, Stoner BP, Workowski KA. Treatment of lymphogranuloma venereum. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Apr 1. 44 Suppl 3:S147-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Frickmann H, Essig A, Poppert S. Identification of lymphogranuloma venereum-associated Chlamydia trachomatis serovars by fluorescence in situ hybridisation--a proof-of-principle analysis. Trop Med Int Health. 2014 Apr. 19(4):427-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Zenilman J, Shahmanesh M. Laboratory Interventions. Sexually Transmitted Infections: Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC; 2012. chap 19.

33. Simons R, Candfield S, French P, White JA. Observed Treatment Responses to Short-Course Doxycycline Therapy for Rectal Lymphogranuloma Venereum in Men Who Have Sex With Men. Sex Transm Dis. 2018 Jun. 45 (6):406-408. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Blanco JL, Fuertes I, Bosch J, De Lazzari E, Gonzalez-Cordón A, Vergara A, et al. Effective treatment of Lymphogranuloma venereum proctitis with Azithromycin. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jan 19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Derrell Powers. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Guide. www.cdc.gov. 18 December 2020;

36. Oud EV, de Vrieze NH, de Meij A, de Vries HJ. Pitfalls in the diagnosis and management of inguinal lymphogranuloma venereum: important lessons from a case series. Sex Transm Infect. 2014 Jun. 90 (4):279-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. J Klausner, E Hook III. Lymphogranuloma Venereum. J Klausner, E Hook III. CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1. United States: McGraw-Hill; 2007. Chapter 17.

38. Annan NT, Sullivan AK, Nori A, Naydenova P, Alexander S, McKenna A, et al. Rectal chlamydia--a reservoir of undiagnosed infection in men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Infect. June/2009. 85:176-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

39. de Vries HJC, de Barbeyrac B, de Vrieze NHN, Viset JD, White JA, Vall-Mayans M, et al. 2019 European guideline on the management of lymphogranuloma venereum. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019 Oct. 33 (10):1821-1828. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. [Guideline] World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines for the Treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis. World Health Organization. 2016. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

John L Kiley, MD Associate Program Director, SAUSHEC Infectious Disease Fellowship Program, Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Service, Brooke Army Medical Center/San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium; Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Adjoint Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Long School of Medicine

John L Kiley, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Armed Forces Infectious Diseases Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America

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Pamela Arsove, MD, FACEP Associate Residency Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Hofstra Northshore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Long Island Jewish Medical Center; Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Northshore Long Island Jewish School of Medicine

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