Meningococcemia Questions & Answers

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7. Perea-Milla E, Olalla J, Sánchez-Cantalejo E, Martos F, Matute-Cruz P, Carmona-López G, et al. Pre-hospital antibiotic treatment and mortality caused by invasive meningococcal disease, adjusting for indication bias. BMC Public Health. 2009 Apr 3. 9:95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Dhanoa RK, Selvaraj R, Shoukrie SI, Zahra A, Malla J, Selvamani TY, et al. Eculizumab's Unintentional Mayhem: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2022 Jun. 14 (6):e25640. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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14. Zughaier SM. Neisseria meningitidis capsular polysaccharides induce inflammatory responses via TLR2 and TLR4-MD-2. J Leukoc Biol. 2011 Mar. 89(3):469-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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16. Brandtzaeg P, van Deuren M. Classification and pathogenesis of meningococcal infections. Methods Mol Biol. 2012. 799:21-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Brozna JP. Shwartzman reaction. Semin Thromb Hemost. 1990 Oct. 16 (4):326-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Cimé-Aké E, Carranza-Enríquez F, Hurtado-Arias JJ, Muñoz-Castañeda WRA, Medina-Fonseca B, Barrera-Vargas A, et al. Primary meningococcal septic arthritis associated with joint calcium oxalate crystals: A case report and review of the literature. Mod Rheumatol Case Rep. 2022 Jun 24. 6 (2):296-300. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Livorsi DJ, Stenehjem E, Stephens DS. Virulence factors of gram-negative bacteria in sepsis with a focus on Neisseria meningitidis. Contrib Microbiol. 2011. 17:31-47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Plant L, Sundqvist J, Zughaier S, Lovkvist L, Stephens DS, Jonsson AB. Lipooligosaccharide structure contributes to multiple steps in the virulence of Neisseria meningitidis. Infect Immun. 2006 Feb. 74(2):1360-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

21. Sanders MS, van Well GT, Ouburg S, Morré SA, van Furth AM. Toll-like receptor 9 polymorphisms are associated with severity variables in a cohort of meningococcal meningitis survivors. BMC Infect Dis. 2012 May 11. 12:112. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Pathan N, Faust SN, Levin M. Pathophysiology of meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia. Arch Dis Child. 2003 Jul. 88(7):601-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

23. Faust SN, Levin M, Harrison OB, Goldin RD, Lockhart MS, Kondaveeti S, et al. Dysfunction of endothelial protein C activation in severe meningococcal sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2001 Aug 9. 345(6):408-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Pathan N, Hemingway CA, Alizadeh AA, Stephens AC, Boldrick JC, Oragui EE, et al. Role of interleukin 6 in myocardial dysfunction of meningococcal septic shock. Lancet. 2004 Jan 17. 363(9404):203-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Pathan N, Williams EJ, Oragui EE, Stephens AC, Levin M. Changes in the interleukin-6/soluble interleukin-6 receptor axis in meningococcal septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2005 Aug. 33(8):1839-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Bergounioux J, Coureuil M, Belli E, Ly M, Cambillau M, Goudin N, et al. Experimental evidences of human coronary microvasculature and myocardial tissue bacterial colonization during meningococcemia. Infect Immun. 2016 Aug 1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. MacLennan J, Kafatos G, Neal K, Andrews N, Cameron JC, Roberts R, et al. Social behavior and meningococcal carriage in British teenagers. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Jun. 12(6):950-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

28. Andersen UØ, Bay JT, Jensen LH. [Recurrent meningococcal infection in a young woman witha mutation in the C8B gene]. Ugeskr Laeger. 2022 Jun 6. 184 (23):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Faber J, Henninger N, Finn A, Zenz W, Zepp F, Knuf M. A toll-like receptor 4 variant is associated with fatal outcome in children with invasive meningococcal disease. Acta Paediatr. 2009 Mar. 98(3):548-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Jansen AG, Sanders EA, VAN DER Ende A, VAN Loon AM, Hoes AW, Hak E. Invasive pneumococcal and meningococcal disease: association with influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus activity?. Epidemiol Infect. 2008 Nov. 136(11):1448-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

31. Fijen CA, Kuijper EJ, te Bulte MT, Daha MR, Dankert J. Assessment of complement deficiency in patients with meningococcal disease in The Netherlands. Clin Infect Dis. 1999 Jan. 28 (1):98-105. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Ladhani SN, Campbell H, Lucidarme J, Gray S, Parikh S, Willerton L, et al. Invasive meningococcal disease in patients with complement deficiencies: a case series (2008-2017). BMC Infect Dis. 2019 Jun 14. 19 (1):522. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. MacNeil JR, Blain AE, Wang X, Cohn AC. Current Epidemiology and Trends in Meningococcal Disease-United States, 1996-2015. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Apr 3. 66 (8):1276-1281. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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35. [Guideline] Cohn AC, MacNeil JR, Clark TA, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Briere EZ, Meissner HC, et al. Prevention and control of meningococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013 Mar 22. 62 (RR-2):1-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Ortega-Sanchez IR, Meltzer MI, Shepard C, Zell E, Messonnier ML, Bilukha O, et al. Economics of an adolescent meningococcal conjugate vaccination catch-up campaign in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jan 1. 46(1):1-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Cathie K, Levin M, Faust SN. Drug use in acute meningococcal disease. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2008 Oct. 93(5):151-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Mbaeyi SA, Joseph SJ, Blain A, Wang X, Hariri S, MacNeil JR. Meningococcal Disease Among College-Aged Young Adults: 2014-2016. Pediatrics. 2019 Jan. 143 (1):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Meningococcal Disease, Surveillance Data Tables. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Available at https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/surveillance/surveillance-data.html#figure01. Accessed: 2021 Sep 7.

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41. Tappero JW, Reporter R, Wenger JD, Ward BA, Reeves MW, Missbach TS, et al. Meningococcal disease in Los Angeles County, California, and among men in the county jails. N Engl J Med. 1996 Sep 19. 335(12):833-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Brundage JF, Ryan MA, Feighner BH, Erdtmann FJ. Meningococcal disease among United States military service members in relation to routine uses of vaccines with different serogroup-specific components, 1964-1998. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Dec 1. 35(11):1376-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Mandal S, Wu HM, MacNeil JR, Machesky K, Garcia J, Plikaytis BD, et al. Prolonged university outbreak of meningococcal disease associated with a serogroup B strain rarely seen in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Aug. 57 (3):344-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Simon MS, Weiss D, Gulick RM. Invasive meningococcal disease in men who have sex with men. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Aug 20. 159 (4):300-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Bozio CH, Blain A, MacNeil J, Retchless A, Weil LM, Wang X, et al. Meningococcal Disease Surveillance in Men Who Have Sex with Men - United States, 2015-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Sep 28. 67 (38):1060-1063. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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48. Rosenstein NE, Perkins BA, Stephens DS, Lefkowitz L, Cartter ML, Danila R, et al. The changing epidemiology of meningococcal disease in the United States, 1992-1996. J Infect Dis. 1999 Dec. 180 (6):1894-901. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Notice to Healthcare Providers: Recognizing and Reporting Serogroup B Meningococcal Disease Associated with Outbreaks at Princeton University and the University of California at Santa Barbara. Available at http://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00357.asp. November 27, 2013;

50. Wilder-Smith A. W135 meningococcal carriage in association with the Hajj pilgrimage 2001: the Singapore experience. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003 Feb. 21(2):112-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Wilder-Smith A, Barkham TM, Earnest A, Paton NI. Acquisition of W135 meningococcal carriage in Hajj pilgrims and transmission to household contacts: prospective study. BMJ. 2002 Aug 17. 325(7360):365-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

52. Wilder-Smith A, Chow A, Goh KT. Emergence and disappearance of W135 meningococcal disease. Epidemiol Infect. 2010 Jul. 138(7):976-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Hart CA, Cuevas LE. Meningococcal disease in Africa. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1997 Oct. 91 (7):777-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Vyse A, Wolter JM, Chen J, Ng T, Soriano-Gabarro M. Meningococcal disease in Asia: an under-recognized public health burden. Epidemiol Infect. 2011 Apr 15. 1-19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

55. Invasive meningococcal disease in England: annual laboratory confirmed reports for epidemiological year 2017 to 2018. Public Health England. Available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/751821/hpr3818_IMD.pdf. October 26, 2018; Accessed: August 13, 2019.

56. Sharip A, Sorvillo F, Redelings MD, Mascola L, Wise M, Nguyen DM. Population-based analysis of meningococcal disease mortality in the United States: 1990-2002. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006 Mar. 25 (3):191-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Christensen H, May M, Bowen L, Hickman M, Trotter CL. Meningococcal carriage by age: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010 Dec. 10(12):853-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Filippakis D, Gkentzi D, Dimitriou G, Karatza A. Neonatal meningococcal disease: an update. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020 Nov 24. 1-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Moura AS, Pablos-Mendez A, Layton M, Weiss D. Epidemiology of meningococcal disease, New York City, 1989-2000. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Mar. 9(3):355-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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63. Gawalkar AA, Tale S, Chhabria BA, Bhalla A. Myocarditis and purpura fulminans in meningococcaemia. QJM. 2017 Nov 1. 110 (11):755-756. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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66. Wong JS, Balakrishnan V. Neisseria meningitidis endogenous endophthalmitis: case report and literature review. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1999 May-Jun. 36(3):145-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Feldman C, Anderson R. Meningococcal pneumonia: a review. Pneumonia (Nathan). 2019. 11:3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Garcia NS, Castelo JS, Ramos V, Rezende GS, Pereira FE. Frequency of myocarditis in cases of fatal meningococcal infection in children: observations on 31 cases studied at autopsy. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 1999 Sep-Oct. 32 (5):517-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Borg J, Christie D, Coen PG, Booy R, Viner RM. Outcomes of meningococcal disease in adolescence: prospective, matched-cohort study. Pediatrics. 2009 Mar. 123(3):e502-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Buysse CM, Raat H, Hazelzet JA, Hulst JM, Cransberg K, Hop WC, et al. Long-term health status in childhood survivors of meningococcal septic shock. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008 Nov. 162(11):1036-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Buysse CM, Oranje AP, Zuidema E, Hazelzet JA, Hop WC, Diepstraten AF, et al. Long-term skin scarring and orthopaedic sequelae in survivors of meningococcal septic shock. Arch Dis Child. 2009 May. 94(5):381-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Huang L, Fievez S, Goguillot M, Marié L, Bénard S, Elkaïm A, et al. A database study of clinical and economic burden of invasive meningococcal disease in France. PLoS One. 2022. 17 (4):e0267786. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Stephens DS, Greenwood B, Brandtzaeg P. Epidemic meningitis, meningococcaemia, and Neisseria meningitidis. Lancet. 2007 Jun 30. 369(9580):2196-210. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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76. Prista-Leão B, Almeida F, Carvalho AC, Silva S, Sarmento A. Chronic meningococcemia. IDCases. 2019. 15:e00502. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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78. Giri S, Shrestha B, Gajurel BP, Sapkota D, Gautam N, Shrestha A. Staphylococcal endocarditis with meningitis and basal ganglia infarcts mimicking meningococcemia. Clin Case Rep. 2022 Mar. 10 (3):e05548. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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80. Parmentier L, Garzoni C, Antille C, Kaiser L, Ninet B, Borradori L. Value of a novel Neisseria meningitidis--specific polymerase chain reaction assay in skin biopsy specimens as a diagnostic tool in chronic meningococcemia. Arch Dermatol. 2008 Jun. 144(6):770-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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85. Fernandez-Rodriguez A, Alcala B, Alvarez-Lafuente R. Real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of Neisseria meningitidis in formalin-fixed tissues from sudden deaths. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008 Apr. 60(4):339-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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87. de Filippis I, do Nascimento CR, Clementino MB, Sereno AB, Rebelo C, Souza NN, et al. Rapid detection of Neisseria meningitidis in cerebrospinal fluid by one-step polymerase chain reaction of the nspA gene. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005 Feb. 51(2):85-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Lin HW, Yin JH, Lo JP, Wang YH, Lee SY, Lu JJ. Use of universal polymerase chain reaction assay and endonuclease digestion for rapid detection of Neisseria meningitides. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2004 Dec. 37(6):371-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. Richardson DC, Louie L, Louie M, Simor AE. Evaluation of a rapid PCR assay for diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis. J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Aug. 41(8):3851-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

90. Health Protection Agency. Guidance for the public health management of meningococcal disease in the UK. [Full Text].

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113. Marshall GS, Dempsey AF, Srivastava A, Isturiz RE. US College Students Are at Increased Risk for Serogroup B Meningococcal Disease. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2019 May 11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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118. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. First vaccine approved by FDA to prevent serogroup B Meningococcal disease. Available at http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm420998.htm. October 29, 2014;

119. [Guideline] American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases. Updated recommendations on the use of meningococcal vaccines. Pediatrics. 2014 Aug. 134 (2):400-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

120. Harrison LH, Shutt KA, Arnold KE, Stern EJ, Pondo T, Kiehlbauch JA, et al. Meningococcal carriage among Georgia and Maryland high school students. J Infect Dis. 2015 Jun 1. 211 (11):1761-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

121. Yue M, Xu J, Yu J, Shao Z. Carriage prevalence of Neisseria meningitidis in China, 2005-2022: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2022 Jul 7. 22 (1):594. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Mahmud H Javid, MBBS Consultant in Infectious Diseases, Quaid-e-Azam International Hospital, Pakistan

Mahmud H Javid, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Shadab Hussain Ahmed, MD, FACP, FIDSA, AAHIVS Professor of Clinical Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University Medical Center; Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine of New York Institute of Technology; Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Nassau University Medical Center

Shadab Hussain Ahmed, MD, FACP, FIDSA, AAHIVS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

John L Brusch, MD, FACP Corresponding Faculty Member, Harvard Medical School

John L Brusch, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Katrina Cathie, BM (Hons), MRCPCH,  Fellow in Paediatric Clinical Research, Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, UKKatrina Cathie, BM(Hons), MRCPCH is a member of the following medical societies: Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joanna L Chan, MD Mohs Fellow, California Skin Institute

Joanna L Chan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology and American Society for Dermatologic Surgery

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joseph Domachowske, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York Upstate Medical University

Joseph Domachowske, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Dirk M Elston, MD Director, Ackerman Academy of Dermatopathology, New York

Dirk M Elston, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Saul N Faust, MA, MBBS, PhD, MRCPCH Senior Lecturer in Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Southampton; Director, Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK

Saul N Faust, MA, MBBS, PhD, MRCPCH is a member of the following medical societies: British Paediatric Allergy, Immunology and Infectious Group, European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases, International Society for Infectious Diseases, and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health

Disclosure: Xoma Consulting fee Consulting; GSK Honoraria Consulting; Wyeth travel and registration fee to conference investigator in study being presented at meeting; Sanofi Pasteur Consulting fee Consulting; Pfizer Consulting fee Consulting

Aaron Glatt, MD Professor of Clinical Medicine, New York Medical College; President and CEO, Former Chief Medical Officer, Departments of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, St Joseph Hospital (formerly New Island Hospital)

Aaron Glatt, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physician Executives, American College of Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Thoracic Society, American Venereal Disease Association, Infectious Diseases Society of America, International AIDS Society, and SocietyforHealthcareEpidemiology of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Thomas A Hoffman, MD Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Jackson Memorial Hospital, University of Miami

Thomas A Hoffman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Society for Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David Jaimovich, MD Chief Medical Officer, Joint Commission International and Joint Commission Resources

David Jaimovich, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael Levin, PhD, FRCP, FRCPCH Head, Professor, Imperial College School of Medicine at St Mary's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, London, England

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Lester F Libow, MD Dermatopathologist, South Texas Dermatopathology Laboratory

Lester F Libow, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Society of Dermatopathology, and Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joseph Richard Masci, MD Professor of Medicine, Professor of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine; Director of Medicine, Elmhurst Hospital Center

Joseph Richard Masci, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, Association of Professors of Medicine, and Royal Society of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary D Nettleman, MD, MS, MACP Professor and Chair, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine

Mary D Nettleman, MD, MS, MACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Association of Professors of Medicine, Central Society for Clinical Research, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and Society of General Internal Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gregory J Raugi, MD, PhD Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington at Seattle School of Medicine; Chief, Dermatology Section, Primary and Specialty Care Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center of Seattle

Gregory J Raugi, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Nanette Silverberg, MD Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons; Director of Pediatric Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, St Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center, Maimonides Medical Center and Beth Israel Medical Center

Nanette Silverberg is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of University Women, American Medical Association, American Medical Women's Association, Dermatology Foundation, International Society of Pediatric Dermatology, Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, Society for Pediatric Dermatology, and Women's Dermatologic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Darvin Scott Smith, MD, MSc, DTM&H Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine; Chief of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaiser Redwood City Hospital

Darvin Scott Smith, MD, MSc, DTM&H is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and International Society of Travel Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Russell W Steele, MD Head, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ochsner Children's Health Center; Clinical Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine

Russell W Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research, and Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Elizabeth L Tanzi, MD Co-Director, Laser Surgery, Washington Institute of Dermatologic Laser Surgery; Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Elizabeth L Tanzi, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, and American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael J Wells, MD Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L Foster School of Medicine

Michael J Wells, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, and Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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