Mucormycosis (Zygomycosis) Questions & Answers

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7. Rahman A, Akter K, Hossain S, Rashid HU. Rhino-orbital mucourmycosis in a non-immunocompromised patient. BMJ Case Rep. 2. 2013 Feb 6. 013:doi:pii: bcr2012007863.

8. Andresen D, Donaldson A, Choo L, Knox A, Klaassen M, Ursic C, et al. Multifocal cutaneous mucormycosis complicating polymicrobial wound infections in a tsunami survivor from Sri Lanka. Lancet. 2005 Mar 5-11. 365 (9462):876-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Neblett Fanfair R, Benedict K, Bos J, Bennett SD, Lo YC, Adebanjo T, et al. Necrotizing cutaneous mucormycosis after a tornado in Joplin, Missouri, in 2011. N Engl J Med. 2012 Dec 6. 367 (23):2214-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Warkentien T, Rodriguez C, Lloyd B, Wells J, et al. Invasive mold infections following combat-related injuries. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Dec. 55 (11):1441-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Rammaert B, Lanternier F, Zahar JR, Dannaoui E, Bougnoux ME, Lecuit M, et al. Healthcare-associated mucormycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Feb. 54 Suppl 1:S44-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Hartnett KP, Jackson BR, Perkins KM, Glowicz J, Kerins JL, Black SR, et al. A Guide to Investigating Suspected Outbreaks of Mucormycosis in Healthcare. J Fungi (Basel). 2019 Jul 24. 5 (3):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Steinbrink JM, Miceli MH. Mucormycosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2021 Jun. 35 (2):435-452. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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15. Fu Y, Lee H, Collins M, Tsai HF, Spellberg B, Edwards JE Jr, et al. Cloning and functional characterization of the Rhizopus oryzae high affinity iron permease (rFTR1) gene. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2004 Jun 1. 235 (1):169-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Roilides E, Kontoyiannis DP, Walsh TJ. Host defenses against zygomycetes. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Feb. 54 Suppl 1:S61-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Andresen D, Donaldson A, Choo L, et al. Multifocal cutaneous mucormycosis complicating polymicrobial wound infections in a tsunami survivor from Sri Lanka. Lancet. 2005 Mar 5-11. 365(9462):876-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Neblett Fanfair R, Benedict K, Bos J, Bennett SD, Lo YC, Adebanjo T. Necrotizing cutaneous mucormycosis after a tornado in Joplin, Missouri, in 2011. N Engl J Med. 2012 Dec 6. 367(23):2214-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Kouadio IK, Aljunid S, Kamigaki T, Hammad K, Oshitani H. Infectious diseases following natural disasters: prevention and control measures. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2012 Jan. 10(1):95-104. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Partida-Martinez LP, Hertweck C. Pathogenic fungus harbours endosymbiotic bacteria for toxin production. Nature. 2005 Oct 6. 437 (7060):884-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Lackner G, Partida-Martinez LP, Hertweck C. Endofungal bacteria as producers of mycotoxins. Trends Microbiol. 2009 Dec. 17 (12):570-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Lewis RE, Liao G, Wang W, Prince RA, Kontoyiannis DP. Voriconazole pre-exposure selects for breakthrough mucormycosis in a mixed model of Aspergillus fumigatus-Rhizopus oryzae pulmonary infection. Virulence. 2011 Jul-Aug. 2 (4):348-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Petrikkos G, Skiada A, Lortholary O, Roilides E, Walsh TJ, Kontoyiannis DP. Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of mucormycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Feb. 54 Suppl 1:S23-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Prakash H, Chakrabarti A. Global Epidemiology of Mucormycosis. J Fungi (Basel). 2019 Mar 21. 5 (1):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Prakash H, Chakrabarti A. Global Epidemiology of Mucormycosis. J Fungi (Basel). 2019 Mar 21. 5 (1):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Kontoyiannis DP, Yang H, Song J, Kelkar SS, Yang X, Azie N, et al. Prevalence, clinical and economic burden of mucormycosis-related hospitalizations in the United States: a retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis. 2016 Dec 1. 16 (1):730. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Lewis RE, Cahyame-Zuniga L, Leventakos K, Chamilos G. Epidemiology and sites of involvement of invasive fungal infections in patients with haematological malignancies: a 20-year autopsy study. Mycoses. 2013 Nov. 56 (6):638-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Lamoth F, Calandra T. Early diagnosis of invasive mould infections and disease. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017 Mar 1. 72 (suppl_1):i19-i28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Lass-Flörl C, Cuenca-Estrella M. Changes in the epidemiological landscape of invasive mould infections and disease. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017 Mar 1. 72 (suppl_1):i5-i11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Fatal fungal soft-tissue infections after a tornado. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Mortal.Wkly Rep. 2011. 60:992.

31. Green JP, Karras DJ. Update on emerging infections: news from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Notes from the field: fatal fungal soft-tissue infections after a tornado--Joplin, Missouri, 2011. Ann Emerg Med. 2012 Jan. 59(1):53-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Bongomin F, Gago S, Oladele RO, Denning DW. Global and Multi-National Prevalence of Fungal Diseases-Estimate Precision. J Fungi (Basel). 2017 Oct 18. 3 (4):638-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Prakash H, Chakrabarti A. Epidemiology of Mucormycosis in India. Microorganisms. 2021 Mar 4. 9 (3):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Torres-Narbona M, Guinea J, Martínez-Alarcón J, Muñoz P, Gadea I, Bouza E, et al. Impact of zygomycosis on microbiology workload: a survey study in Spain. J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Jun. 45 (6):2051-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Bitar D, Van Cauteren D, Lanternier F, Dannaoui E, Che D, Dromer F. Increasing incidence of zygomycosis (mucormycosis), France, 1997-2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Sep. 15(9):1395-401. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Prakash H, Ghosh AK, Rudramurthy SM, Singh P, Xess I, Savio J, et al. A prospective multicenter study on mucormycosis in India: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Med Mycol. 2019 Jun 1. 57 (4):395-402. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Chakrabarti A, Kaur H, Savio J, Rudramurthy SM, Patel A, Shastri P, et al. Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of invasive mould infections in Indian intensive care units (FISF study). J Crit Care. 2019 Jun. 51:64-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Kasapoglu F, Coskun H, Ozmen OA, Akalin H, Ener B. Acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis: evaluation of 26 patients treated with endonasal or open surgical procedures. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010 Nov. 143 (5):614-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Cornely OA, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Arenz D, Chen SCA, et al. Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of mucormycosis: an initiative of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology in cooperation with the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019 Dec. 19 (12):e405-e421. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Roden MM, Zaoutis TE, Buchanan WL, Knudsen TA, Sarkisova TA, Schaufele RL, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a review of 929 reported cases. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 1. 41 (5):634-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Vaughan C, Bartolo A, Vallabh N, Leong SC. A meta-analysis of survival factors in rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis-has anything changed in the past 20 years?. Clin Otolaryngol. 2018 Dec. 43 (6):1454-1464. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Gür H, İsmi O, Vayısoğlu Y, Görür K, Arpacı RB, Horasan EŞ, et al. Clinical and surgical factors affecting the prognosis and survival rates in patients with mucormycosis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021 Jun 1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Hong HL, Lee YM, Kim T, Lee JY, Chung YS, Kim MN, et al. Risk factors for mortality in patients with invasive mucormycosis. Infect Chemother. 2013 Sep. 45 (3):292-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Palejwala SK, Zangeneh TT, Goldstein SA, Lemole GM. An aggressive multidisciplinary approach reduces mortality in rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Surg Neurol Int. 2016. 7:61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Haider A, Naqvi M, Yousaf N, Fizah S, et al. Gastric Mucormycosis: An Infection of Fungal Invasion into the Gastric Mucosa in Immunocompromised Patients. Case Reports in Gastrointestinal Medicine. 2020. 2020:[Full Text].

46. Muthu V, Agarwal R, Dhooria S, Sehgal IS, Prasad KT, Aggarwal AN, et al. Has the mortality from pulmonary mucormycosis changed over time? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021 Apr. 27 (4):538-549. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. John TM, Jacob CN, Kontoyiannis DP. When Uncontrolled Diabetes Mellitus and Severe COVID-19 Converge: The Perfect Storm for Mucormycosis. J Fungi (Basel). 2021 Apr 15. 7 (4):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Sen M, Lahane S, Lahane TP, Parekh R, Honavar SG. Mucor in a Viral Land: A Tale of Two Pathogens. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021 Feb. 69 (2):244-252. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Garg D, Muthu V, Sehgal IS, Ramachandran R, Kaur H, Bhalla A, et al. Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Associated Mucormycosis (CAM): Case Report and Systematic Review of Literature. Mycopathologia. 2021 May. 186 (2):289-298. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Nehara HR, Puri I, Singhal V, Ih S, Bishnoi BR, Sirohi P. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis in COVID-19 patient with diabetes a deadly trio: Case series from the north-western part of India. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2021 May 26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Revannavar SM, P S S, Samaga L, V K V. COVID-19 triggering mucormycosis in a susceptible patient: a new phenomenon in the developing world?. BMJ Case Rep. 2021 Apr 27. 14 (4):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Pandiar D, Kumar NS, Anand R, Kamboj M, Narwal A, Shameena PM. Does COVID 19 generate a milieu for propagation of mucormycosis?. Med Hypotheses. 2021 Jul. 152:110613. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Mehta S, Pandey A. Rhino-Orbital Mucormycosis Associated With COVID-19. Cureus. 2020 Sep 30. 12 (9):e10726. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Gangneux JP, Bougnoux ME, Dannaoui E, Cornet M, Zahar JR. Invasive fungal diseases during COVID-19: We should be prepared. J Mycol Med. 2020 Jun. 30 (2):100971. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Sarkar S, Gokhale T, Choudhury SS, Deb AK. COVID-19 and orbital mucormycosis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021 Apr. 69 (4):1002-1004. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Patel A, Agarwal R, Rudramurthy SM, Shevkani M,. Multicenter epidemiologic study of coronavirus disease–associated mucormycosis, India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Sept [June 16,2021]. 2021:

57. Szalai G, Fellegi V, Szabo Z, Vitez LC. Mucormycosis mimicks sinusitis in a diabetic adult. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Nov. 1084:520-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Gamaletsou MN, Sipsas NV, Roilides E, Walsh TJ. Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2012 Aug. 14(4):423-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Lin E, Moua T, Limper AH. Pulmonary mucormycosis: clinical features and outcomes. Infection. 2017 Feb 20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Johnson JB, Affolter KE, Samadder NJ. A Rare Cause of Hematochezia: Colon Mucormycosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 Aug 28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Chawla N, Reddy SJ, Agrawal M. Ileocolic mucormycosis causing intestinal obstruction. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2012 Jul-Sep. 30(3):373-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Polo JR, Luno J, Menarguez C, Gallego E, Robles R, Hernandez P. Peritoneal mucormycosis in a patient receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 1989 Mar. 13(3):237-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Walsh TJ, Gamaletsou MN, McGinnis MR, Hayden RT, Kontoyiannis DP. Early clinical and laboratory diagnosis of invasive pulmonary, extrapulmonary, and disseminated mucormycosis (zygomycosis). Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Feb. 54 Suppl 1:S55-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Donnelly JP, Chen SC, Kauffman CA, Steinbach WJ, et al. Revision and Update of the Consensus Definitions of Invasive Fungal Disease From the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 12. 71 (6):1367-1376. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Millon L, Larosa F, Lepiller Q, Legrand F, Rocchi S, Daguindeau E. Quantitative PCR detection of circulating DNA in serum for early diagnosis of mucormycosis in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Feb 18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Bernal-Martínez L, Buitrago MJ, Castelli MV, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Cuenca-Estrella M. Development of a single tube multiplex real-time PCR to detect the most clinically relevant Mucormycetes species. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013 Jan. 19(1):E1-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Millon L, Herbrecht R, Grenouillet F, Morio F, Alanio A, Letscher-Bru V, et al. Early diagnosis and monitoring of mucormycosis by detection of circulating DNA in serum: retrospective analysis of 44 cases collected through the French Surveillance Network of Invasive Fungal Infections (RESSIF). Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016 Sep. 22 (9):810.e1-810.e8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Shigemura T, Nakazawa Y, Matsuda K, Motobayashi M, Saito S, Koike K. Evaluation of Mucorales DNA load in cerebrospinal fluid in a patient with possible cerebral mucormycosis treated with intravenous liposomal amphotericin B. Int J Infect Dis. 2014 Dec. 29:200-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Lengerova M, Racil Z, Hrncirova K, Kocmanova I, Volfova P, Ricna D, et al. Rapid detection and identification of mucormycetes in bronchoalveolar lavage samples from immunocompromised patients with pulmonary infiltrates by use of high-resolution melt analysis. J Clin Microbiol. 2014 Aug. 52 (8):2824-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Scherer E, Iriart X, Bellanger AP, Dupont D, Guitard J, Gabriel F, et al. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) Detection of Mucorales DNA in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid To Diagnose Pulmonary Mucormycosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2018 Aug. 56 (8):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Springer J, White PL, Kessel J, Wieters I, Teschner D, Korczynski D, et al. A Comparison of Aspergillus and Mucorales PCR Testing of Different Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Fractions from Patients with Suspected Invasive Pulmonary Fungal Disease. J Clin Microbiol. 2018 Feb. 56 (2):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Kontoyiannis DP, Lewis RE. How I treat mucormycosis. Blood. 2011 Aug 4. 118(5):1216-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Gelston CD, Durairaj VD, Simoes EA. Rhino-orbital mucormycosis causing cavernous sinus and internal carotid thrombosis treated with posaconazole. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007 Jun. 125(6):848-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Wahba H, Truong MT, Lei X, Kontoyiannis DP, Marom EM. Reversed halo sign in invasive pulmonary fungal infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jun 1. 46(11):1733-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Riley TT, Muzny CA, Swiatlo E, Legendre DP. Breaking the Mold: A Review of Mucormycosis and Current Pharmacological Treatment Options. Ann Pharmacother. 2016 Sep. 50 (9):747-57. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Skiada A, Lanternier F, Groll AH, Pagano L, Zimmerli S, Herbrecht R. Diagnosis and treatment of mucormycosis in patients with haematological malignancies: guidelines from the 3rd European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL 3). Haematologica. 2012 Sep 14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Vehreschild JJ, Birtel A, Vehreschild MJ, Liss B, Farowski F, Kochanek M. Mucormycosis treated with posaconazole: review of 96 case reports. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2012 Aug 24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Greenberg RN, Mullane K, van Burik JA, et al. Posaconazole as salvage therapy for zygomycosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Jan. 50(1):126-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

79. Spellberg B, Ibrahim A, Roilides E, et al. Combination therapy for mucormycosis: why, what, and how?. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Feb. 54 Suppl 1:S73-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Ledoux MP, Toussaint E, Denis J, Herbrecht R. New pharmacological opportunities for the treatment of invasive mould diseases. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017 Mar 1. 72 (suppl_1):i48-i58. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Spellberg B, Walsh TJ, Kontoyiannis DP, Edwards J Jr, Ibrahim AS. Recent advances in the management of mucormycosis: from bench to bedside. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Jun 15. 48(12):1743-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

82. Ibrahim AS, Gebremariam T, Fu Y, Edwards JE Jr, Spellberg B. Combination echinocandin-polyene treatment of murine mucormycosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Apr. 52(4):1556-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

83. Gleissner B, Schilling A, Anagnostopolous I, Siehl I, Thiel E. Improved outcome of zygomycosis in patients with hematological diseases?. Leuk Lymphoma. 2004 Jul. 45(7):1351-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Lanternier F, Lortholary O. [AMBIZYGO: phase II study of high dose liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) [10 mg/kg/j] efficacy against zygomycosis]. Med Mal Infect. 2008 Jun. 38 Suppl 2:S90-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. Walsh TJ, Goodman JL, Pappas P, Bekersky I, Buell DN, Roden M. Safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of high-dose liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) in patients infected with Aspergillus species and other filamentous fungi: maximum tolerated dose study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Dec. 45(12):3487-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Marty FM, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Cornely OA, Mullane KM, Perfect JR, Thompson GR 3rd, et al. Isavuconazole treatment for mucormycosis: a single-arm open-label trial and case-control analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016 Jul. 16 (7):828-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Lamoth F, Mercier T, André P, Pagani JL, Pantet O, Maduri R, et al. Isavuconazole brain penetration in cerebral aspergillosis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019 Jun 1. 74 (6):1751-1753. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Schwartz S, Cornely OA, Hamed K, Marty FM, Maertens J, Rahav G, et al. Isavuconazole for the treatment of patients with invasive fungal diseases involving the central nervous system. Med Mycol. 2020 Jun 1. 58 (4):417-424. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. Natesan SK, Chandrasekar PH. Isavuconazole for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis: current evidence, safety, efficacy, and clinical recommendations. Infect Drug Resist. 2016. 9:291-300. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. Verweij PE, González GM, Wiedrhold NP, Lass-Flörl C, Warn P, Heep M, et al. In vitro antifungal activity of isavuconazole against 345 mucorales isolates collected at study centers in eight countries. J Chemother. 2009 Jun. 21 (3):272-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. Cornely OA, Ullmann AJ. Numbers needed to treat with posaconazole prophylaxis to prevent invasive fungal infection and death. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 May 15. 46 (10):1626-7; author reply 1627-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. Almannai M, Imran H, Estrada B, Siddiqui AH. Successful Treatment of Rhino-Orbital Mucormycosis with Posaconazole and Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2013 Feb 27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Sedlacek M, Cotter JG, Suriawinata AA, et al. Mucormycosis peritonitis: more than 2 years of disease-free follow-up after posaconazole salvage therapy after failure of liposomal amphotericin B. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008 Feb. 51(2):302-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Rickerts V, Atta J, Herrmann S, et al. Successful treatment of disseminated mucormycosis with a combination of liposomal amphotericin B and posaconazole in a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia. Mycoses. 2006. 49 Suppl 1:27-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

95. Ashkenazi-Hoffnung L, Bilavsky E, Avitzur Y, Amir J. Successful treatment of cutaneous zygomycosis with intravenous amphotericin B followed by oral posaconazole in a multivisceral transplant recipient. Transplantation. 2010 Nov 27. 90(10):1133-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Yoon YK, Kim MJ, Chung YG, Shin IY. Successful treatment of a case with rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis by the combination of neurosurgical intervention and the sequential use of amphotericin B and posaconazole. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2010 Jan. 47(1):74-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

97. van Well GT, van Groeningen I, Debets-Ossenkopp YJ, van Furth AM, Zwaan CM. Zygomycete infection following voriconazole prophylaxis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005 Sep. 5(9):594. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

98. Trifilio SM, Bennett CL, Yarnold PR, et al. Breakthrough zygomycosis after voriconazole administration among patients with hematologic malignancies who receive hematopoietic stem-cell transplants or intensive chemotherapy. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2007 Apr. 39(7):425-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Castelli MV, Cuesta I, et al. In vitro activity of antifungals against Zygomycetes. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009 Oct. 15 Suppl 5:71-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

100. Spellberg B, Ibrahim AS. Recent advances in the treatment of mucormycosis. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2010 Nov. 12(6):423-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

101. Ogawa T, Takezawa K, Tojima I, et al. Successful treatment of rhino-orbital mucormycosis by a new combination therapy with liposomal amphotericin B and micafungin. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2012 Apr. 39(2):224-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

102. Reed C, Bryant R, Ibrahim AS, Edwards J Jr, Filler SG, Goldberg R. Combination polyene-caspofungin treatment of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Aug 1. 47(3):364-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

103. Kyvernitakis A, Torres HA, Jiang Y, Chamilos G, Lewis RE, Kontoyiannis DP. Initial use of combination treatment does not impact survival of 106 patients with haematologic malignancies and mucormycosis: a propensity score analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016 Sep. 22 (9):811.e1-811.e8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

104. Katragkou A, McCarthy M, Meletiadis J, Petraitis V, Moradi PW, Strauss GE, et al. In vitro combination of isavuconazole with micafungin or amphotericin B deoxycholate against medically important molds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014 Nov. 58 (11):6934-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

105. Imran M, A S A, Tauseef M, Khan SA, Hudu SA, Abida. Mucormycosis medications: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2021 Jun 18. 1-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

106. Brunet K, Rammaert B. Mucormycosis treatment: Recommendations, latest advances, and perspectives. J Mycol Med. 2020 Sep. 30 (3):101007. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

107. Ribeiro EF, Dos Santos VM, Paixao GT, Cruz LR, Danilow MZ, Campos VF. Mucormycosis in a Patient with Acute Myeloid Leukemia Successfully Treated with Liposomal Amphotericin B Associated with Deferasirox and Hyperbaric Oxygen. Mycopathologia. 2013 Feb 27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

108. Ibrahim AS, Spellberg B, Edwards J Jr. Iron acquisition: a novel perspective on mucormycosis pathogenesis and treatment. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008 Dec. 21(6):620-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

109. Lewis RE, Albert ND, Kontoyiannis DP. Comparative pharmacodynamics of posaconazole in neutropenic murine models of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and mucormycosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014 Nov. 58 (11):6767-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

110. Donnelly JP, Lahav M. Deferasirox as adjunctive therapy for mucormycosis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Mar. 67(3):519-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

111. Spellberg B, Ibrahim AS, Chin-Hong PV, Kontoyiannis DP, Morris MI, Perfect JR. The Deferasirox-AmBisome Therapy for Mucormycosis (DEFEAT Mucor) study: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Mar. 67(3):715-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

112. Fontana L, Perlin DS, Zhao Y et al. Isavuconazole prophylaxis in patients with hematological malignancies and hematopoietic -cell transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2019. 70:723-30.

Avnish Sandhu, DO Assistant Professor of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Hospitalist, Inpatient Consultant Healthcare/Team Health, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

John L Brusch, MD, FACP Corresponding Faculty Member, Harvard Medical School

John L Brusch, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pranatharthi Haran Chandrasekar, MBBS, MD Professor, Chief of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine

Pranatharthi Haran Chandrasekar, MBBS, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society for Microbiology, International Immunocompromised Host Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Nancy F Crum-Cianflone, MD, MPH Consulting Staff, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Naval Medical Center at San Diego

Nancy F Crum-Cianflone, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Philip J McDonald, MD Fellow, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine

Philip J McDonald, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Michigan Infectious Disease Society, Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mark T Duffy, MD, PhD Consulting Staff, Division of Oculoplastic, Orbito-facial, Lacrimal and Reconstructive Surgery, Green Bay Eye Clinic, BayCare Clinic; Medical Director, Advanced Cosmetic Solutions, A BayCare Clinic

Mark T Duffy, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Medical Association, American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Sigma Xi, and Society for Neuroscience

Disclosure: Allergan - Botox Cosmetic Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Ronald A Greenfield, MD Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine

Ronald A Greenfield, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, American Society for Microbiology, Central Society for Clinical Research, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Medical Mycology Society of the Americas, Phi Beta Kappa, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation, and Southwestern Association of Clinical Microbiology

Disclosure: Pfizer Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Gilead Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Ortho McNeil Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Abbott Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Astellas Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Cubist Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Forest Pharmaceuticals Speaking and teaching

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD Clinical Professor of Health Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Glaucoma Society, and Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Maria D Mileno, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University

Maria D Mileno, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Infectious Diseases Society of America, International Society of Travel Medicine, and Sigma Xi

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ron W Pelton, MD, PhD Private Practice, Colorado Springs, Colorado

Ron W Pelton, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, AO Foundation, and Colorado Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Hampton Roy Sr, MD Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences

Hampton Roy Sr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, and Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Kimberly G Yen, MD Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine

Kimberly G Yen, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology and American Association of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus (AAPOS)

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael T Yen, MD Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Division of Ophthalmic Plastic, Lacrimal, and Orbital Surgery, Cullen Eye Institute, Medical Director, BCM Ambulatory Surgery Center, Program Director, ASOPRS Fellowship, Baylor College of Medicine

Michael T Yen, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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