Nishiuchi Y, Maekura R, Kitada S, et al. The recovery of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) from the residential bathrooms of patients with pulmonary MAC. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Aug 1. 45(3):347-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sood A, Sreedhar R, Kulkarni P, Nawoor AR. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis-like granulomatous lung disease with nontuberculous mycobacteria from exposure to hot water aerosols. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb. 115(2):262-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Nishiuchi Y, Iwamoto T, Maruyama F. Infection Sources of a Common Non-tuberculous Mycobacterial Pathogen, Mycobacterium avium Complex. Front Med (Lausanne). 2017. 4:27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Dhillon SS, Watanakunakorn C. Lady Windermere syndrome: middle lobe bronchiectasis and Mycobacterium avium complex infection due to voluntary cough suppression. Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Mar. 30(3):572-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Tsai HW, Fennelly K, Wheeler-Hegland K, Adams S, Condrey J, Hosford JL, et al. Cough physiology in elderly women with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung infections. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2017 May 1. 122 (5):1262-1266. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hartman TE, Jensen E, Tazelaar HD, et al. CT findings of granulomatous pneumonitis secondary to Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare inhalation: "hot tub lung". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007 Apr. 188(4):1050-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Feller M, Huwiler K, Stephan R, et al. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and Crohn's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007 Sep. 7(9):607-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Boyle DP, Zembower TR, Reddy S, Qi C. Comparison of Clinical Features, Virulence, and Relapse among Mycobacterium avium Complex Species. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 Jun 1. 191 (11):1310-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Busatto C, Vianna JS, da Silva LV Junior, Ramis IB, da Silva PEA. Mycobacterium avium: an overview. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2019 Jan. 114:127-134. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Griffith DE. Treatment of Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC). Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2018 Jun. 39 (3):351-361. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Falkinham JO. Mycobacterium avium complex: Adherence as a way of life. AIMS Microbiol. 2018. 4 (3):428-438. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Koirala J, Adamski A, Koch L, Stueber D, El-Azizi M, Khardori NM, et al. Interferon-gamma receptors in HIV-1 infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2008 Aug. 24(8):1097-102. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Koh WJ, Jeong BH, Jeon K, Lee NY, Lee KS, Woo SY, et al. Clinical Significance of the Differentiation between Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare in M. avium Complex Lung Disease. Chest. 2012 May 24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Thomson RM, Armstrong JG, Looke DF. Gastroesophageal reflux disease, acid suppression, and Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. Chest. 2007 Apr. 131(4):1166-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mycobacterium avium Complex. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/mycobacteriumavium_t.htm. Accessed: August 15, 2011.
Cassidy PM, Hedberg K, Saulson A, McNelly E, Winthrop KL. Nontuberculous mycobacterial disease prevalence and risk factors: a changing epidemiology. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Dec 15. 49(12):e124-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Maugein J, Dailloux M, Carbonnelle B, et al. Sentinel-site surveillance of Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2005 Dec. 26(6):1092-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Shah NM, Davidson JA, Anderson LF, Lalor MK, Kim J, Thomas HL, et al. Pulmonary Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare is the main driver of the rise in non-tuberculous mycobacteria incidence in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, 2007-2012. BMC Infect Dis. 2016 May 6. 16:195. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Freeman J, Morris A, Blackmore T, et al. Incidence of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in New Zealand, 2004. N Z Med J. 2007 Jun 15. 120(1256):U2580. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Han XY, Tarrand JJ, Infante R, et al. Clinical significance and epidemiologic analyses of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare among patients without AIDS. J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Sep. 43(9):4407-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Gordin FM, Sullam PM, Shafran SD, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled study of rifabutin added to a regimen of clarithromycin and ethambutol for treatment of disseminated infection with Mycobacterium avium complex. Clin Infect Dis. 1999 May. 28(5):1080-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hayashi M, Takayanagi N, Kanauchi T, Miyahara Y, Yanagisawa T, Sugita Y. Prognostic Factors of 634 HIV-Negative Patients with Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Mar 1. 185(5):575-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Perrin C. A patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and a cutaneous Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infection mimicking histoid leprosy. Am J Dermatopathol. 2007 Aug. 29(4):422. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kitada S, Kobayashi K, Ichiyama S, et al. Serodiagnosis of Mycobacterium avium-complex pulmonary disease using an enzyme immunoassay kit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008 Apr 1. 177(7):793-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, et al. An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Feb 15. 175(4):367-416. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Panel on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infection. Available at https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections/disseminated?view=full#_ENREF_6. Last Reviewed: July 13, 2022; Accessed: December 10, 2022.
Daley CL, Iaccarino JM, Lange C, Cambau E, Wallace RJ, Andrejak C, et al. Treatment of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease: An Official ATS/ERS/ESCMID/IDSA Clinical Practice Guideline. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Aug 14. 71 (4):905-913. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kasperbauer SH, Daley CL. Diagnosis and treatment of infections due to Mycobacterium avium complex. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2008 Oct. 29(5):569-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Davis KK, Kao PN, Jacobs SS, et al. Aerosolized amikacin for treatment of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium infections: an observational case series. BMC Pulm Med. 2007 Feb 23. 7:2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
CONVERT Study Group, Griffith DE, Eagle G, Thomson R, Aksamit TR, Hasegawa N, et al. Amikacin Liposome Inhalation Suspension for Treatment-Refractory Lung Disease Caused by Mycobacterium avium Complex (CONVERT): A Prospective, Open-Label, Randomized Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018 Sep 14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Selby W, Pavli P, Crotty B, et al. Two-year combination antibiotic therapy with clarithromycin, rifabutin, and clofazimine for Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2007 Jun. 132(7):2313-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kang YA, Koh WJ. Antibiotic treatment for nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2016. 10 (5):557-68. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] Haworth CS, Banks J, Capstick T, Fisher AJ, Gorsuch T, Laurenson IF, et al. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD). Thorax. 2017 Nov. 72 (Suppl 2):ii1-ii64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Park TY, Chong S, Jung JW, Park IW, Choi BW, Lim C, et al. Natural course of the nodular bronchiectatic form of Mycobacterium Avium complex lung disease: Long-term radiologic change without treatment. PLoS One. 2017. 12 (10):e0185774. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hayashi M, Takayanagi N, Kanauchi T, Miyahara Y, Yanagisawa T, Sugita Y. Prognostic factors of 634 HIV-negative patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Mar 1. 185 (5):575-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Jeong BH, Jeon K, Park HY, Kim SY, Lee KS, Huh HJ, et al. Intermittent antibiotic therapy for nodular bronchiectatic Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 Jan 1. 191 (1):96-103. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lam PK, Griffith DE, Aksamit TR, Ruoss SJ, Garay SM, Daley CL. Factors related to response to intermittent treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 Jun 1. 173(11):1283-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Field SK, Cowie RL. Treatment of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex lung disease with a macrolide, ethambutol, and clofazimine. Chest. 2003 Oct. 124(4):1482-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Jenkins PA, Campbell IA, Banks J, Gelder CM, Prescott RJ, Smith AP. Clarithromycin vs ciprofloxacin as adjuncts to rifampicin and ethambutol in treating opportunist mycobacterial lung diseases and an assessment of Mycobacterium vaccae immunotherapy. Thorax. 2008 Jul. 63(7):627-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Benson CA, Williams PL, Currier JS, Holland F, Mahon LF, MacGregor RR, et al. A prospective, randomized trial examining the efficacy and safety of clarithromycin in combination with ethambutol, rifabutin, or both for the treatment of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex disease in persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Nov 1. 37 (9):1234-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Chaisson RE, Keiser P, Pierce M, Fessel WJ, Ruskin J, Lahart C, et al. Clarithromycin and ethambutol with or without clofazimine for the treatment of bacteremic Mycobacterium avium complex disease in patients with HIV infection. AIDS. 1997 Mar. 11(3):311-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
de Silva TI, Cope A, Goepel J, et al. The use of adjuvant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in HIV-related disseminated atypical mycobacterial infection. J Infect. 2007 Apr. 54(4):e207-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Pierce M, Crampton S, Henry D, et al. A randomized trial of clarithromycin as prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in patients with advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1996 Aug 8. 335(6):384-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lindeboom J. Conservative wait-and-see therapy versus antibiotic treatment for nontuberculous mycobacterial cervicofacial lymphadenitis in children. Clin Infect Dis. Jan 15 2011. 52(2):180-4.
Ichikawa K, van Ingen J, Koh WJ, Wagner D, Salfinger M, Inagaki T, et al. Genetic diversity of clinical Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis and Mycobacterium intracellulare isolates causing pulmonary diseases recovered from different geographical regions. Infect Genet Evol. 2015 Oct 2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].