Mycoplasma Infections (Mycoplasma pneumoniae) Questions & Answers

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4. Techasaensiri C, Tagliabue C, Cagle M, Iranpour P, Katz K, Kannan TR. Variation in colonization, ADP-ribosylating and vacuolating cytotoxin, and pulmonary disease severity among mycoplasma pneumoniae strains. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Sep 15. 182(6):797-804. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Hardy RD, Coalson JJ, Peters J, Chaparro A, Techasaensiri C, Cantwell AM. Analysis of pulmonary inflammation and function in the mouse and baboon after exposure to Mycoplasma pneumoniae CARDS toxin. PLoS One. 2009. 4(10):e7562. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Talkington DF, Waites KB, Schwartz S, Besser RE. Emerging from obscurity: Understanding pulmonary and extrapulmonary syndromes, pathogenesis, and epidemiology of human Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. Scheld WM, Craig WA, Hughes JM, eds. Emerging Infections. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2001. Vol 5: 57-84.

7. Waites KB, Balish MF, Atkinson TP. New insights into the pathogenesis and detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. Future Microbiol. 2008 Dec. 3(6):635-48. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

8. Foy HM. Infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and possible carrier state in different populations of patients. Clin Infect Dis. 1993 Aug. 17 Suppl 1:S37-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Marston BJ, Plouffe JF, File TM Jr, et al. Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Results of a population-based active surveillance Study in Ohio. The Community-Based Pneumonia Incidence Study Group. Arch Intern Med. 1997 Aug 11-25. 157(15):1709-18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Waites KB. New concepts of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003 Oct. 36(4):267-78. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Cunha BA. The atypical pneumonias: clinical diagnosis and importance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006 May. 12 Suppl 3:12-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Cunha BA. Pneumonia Essentials. 3rd ed. Royal Oak, MI: Physicians Press; 2010.

13. Cunha BA. Liver involvement with Mycoplasma pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol. Jul/2003. 41(7):3456-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Parchuri S, Cunha BA. Mycoplasma pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia: Diagnostic usefulness of the agglutination-dissociation test. Infect Dis Pract. 2006. 30:550-1.

15. Talkington DF, Shott S, Fallon MT, Schwartz SB, Thacker WL. Analysis of eight commercial enzyme immunoassay tests for detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in human serum. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2004 Sep. 11(5):862-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Beersma MF, Dirven K, van Dam AP, Templeton KE, Claas EC, Goossens H. Evaluation of 12 commercial tests and the complement fixation test for Mycoplasma pneumoniae-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies, with PCR used as the "gold standard". J Clin Microbiol. 2005 May. 43(5):2277-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Winchell JM, Thurman KA, Mitchell SL, Thacker WL, Fields BS. Evaluation of three real-time PCR assays for detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in an outbreak investigation. J Clin Microbiol. 2008 Sep. 46(9):3116-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Leal SM Jr, Totten AH, Xiao L, Crabb DM, Ratliff A, Duffy LB, et al. Evaluation of Commercial Molecular Diagnostic Methods for Detection and Determination of Macrolide Resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol. 2020 May 26. 58 (6):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Kanwar N, Pence MA, Mayne D, Michael J, Selvarangan R. Evaluation of the illumigene Mycoplasma Direct DNA Amplification Assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2018 Jul. 56 (7):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, Anzueto A, Brozek J, Crothers K, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia. An Official Clinical Practice Guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1. 200 (7):e45-e67. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Bradley JS, Byington CL, Shah SS, Alverson B, Carter ER, Harrison C, et al. The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Oct. 53 (7):e25-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Waites KB, Ratliff A, Crabb DM, Xiao L, Qin X, Selvarangan R, et al. Macrolide-Resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae in the United States as Determined from a National Surveillance Program. J Clin Microbiol. 2019 Nov. 57 (11):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Liu Y, Ye X, Zhang H, Xu X, Li W, Zhu D, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates and molecular analysis of macrolide-resistant strains from Shanghai, China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 May. 53(5):2160-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

24. Li X, Atkinson TP, Hagood J, Makris C, Duffy LB, Waites KB. Emerging macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children: detection and characterization of resistant isolates. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009 Aug. 28(8):693-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Peuchant O, Ménard A, Renaudin H, Morozumi M, Ubukata K, Bébéar CM, et al. Increased macrolide resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in France directly detected in clinical specimens by real-time PCR and melting curve analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009 Jul. 64(1):52-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Wolff BJ, Thacker WL, Schwartz SB, Winchell JM. Detection of macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae by real-time PCR and high-resolution melt analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Oct. 52(10):3542-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

27. Suzuki S, Yamazaki T, Narita M, et al. Clinical evaluation of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Feb. 50(2):709-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Klausner JD, Passaro D, Rosenberg J, et al. Enhanced control of an outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia with azithromycin prophylaxis. J Infect Dis. 1998 Jan. 177(1):161-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Ou G, Liu Y, Tang Y, You X, Zeng Y, Xiao J, et al. In vitro subminimum inhibitory concentrations of macrolide antibiotics induce macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Hippokratia. 2015 Jan-Mar. 19 (1):57-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Lanao AE, Chakraborty RK, Pearson-Shaver AL. Mycoplasma Infections. 2022 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

31. Bradley JS, Byington CL, Shah SS, Alverson B, Carter ER, Harrison C, et al. The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Oct. 53 (7):e25-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Ken B Waites, MD Director, UAB Diagnostic Mycoplasma Laboratory, Professor, Department of Pathology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine

Ken B Waites, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society for Microbiology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Charles V Sanders, MD Edgar Hull Professor and Chairman, Department of Internal Medicine, Professor of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine in New Orleans; Medical Director, Medicine Hospital Center, Charity Hospital and Medical Center of Louisiana at New Orleans; Consulting Staff, Ochsner Medical Center

Charles V Sanders, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics, Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association for Physician Leadership, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of University Professors, American Clinical and Climatological Association, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, American Geriatrics Society, American Lung Association, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Thoracic Society, American Venereal Disease Association, Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Association of American Medical Colleges, Association of American Physicians, Association of Professors of Medicine, Infectious Disease Society for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Orleans Parish Medical Society, Royal Society of Medicine, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society, Society of General Internal Medicine, Southeastern Clinical Club, Southern Medical Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation, Southwestern Association of Clinical Microbiology, The Foundation for AIDS Research

Disclosure: Receives royalties from Baxter International for: Takeda-receives royalties; UpToDate-receives royalties.

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD David Ross Boyd Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Stewart G Wolf Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Master of the American College of Physicians; Fellow, Infectious Diseases Society of America; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Association of Professors of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Oklahoma State Medical Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Maria D Mileno, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University

Maria D Mileno, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Infectious Diseases Society of America, International Society of Travel Medicine, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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