Enterovirus D68 Questions & Answers

1. Meijer A, Benschop KS, Donker GA, van der Avoort HG. Continued seasonal circulation of enterovirus D68 in the Netherlands, 2011-2014. Euro Surveill. 2014 Oct 23. 19(42):[Medline].

2. Midgley CM, Jackson MA, Selvarangan R, Turabelidze G, Obringer E, Johnson D, et al. Severe respiratory illness associated with enterovirus D68 - Missouri and Illinois, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014 Sep 12. 63(36):798-9. [Medline].

3. Brown BA, Nix WA, Sheth M, Frace M, Oberste MS. Seven Strains of Enterovirus D68 Detected in the United States during the 2014 Severe Respiratory Disease Outbreak. Genome Announc. 2014 Nov 20. 2(6):[Medline]. [Full Text].

4. Meijer A, van der Sanden S, Snijders BE, Jaramillo-Gutierrez G, Bont L, van der Ent CK, et al. Emergence and epidemic occurrence of enterovirus 68 respiratory infections in The Netherlands in 2010. Virology. 2012 Feb 5. 423(1):49-57. [Medline].

5. Shaw J, Welch TR, Milstone AM. The role of syndromic surveillance in directing the public health response to the enterovirus D68 epidemic. JAMA Pediatr. 2014 Nov. 168(11):981-2. [Medline].

6. Cabrerizo M, García-Iñiguez JP, Munell F, et al. First Cases of Severe Flaccid Paralysis Associated With Enterovirus D68 Infection in Spain, 2015-2016. Pediatric Infectious Disease. 2017 Dec 01. [Medline]. [Full Text].

7. Antona D, Kossorotoff M, Schuffenecker I, et al. Severe paediatric conditions linked with EV-A71 and EV-D68, France, May to October 2016. EuroSurveillance. 2016 Nov 17. [Medline]. [Full Text].

8. Dyrdak R, Grabbe M, Hammas B, et al. Outbreak of enterovirus D68 of the new B3 lineage in Stockholm, Sweden, August to September 2016. EuroSurveillance. 2016 Nov 17. [Medline]. [Full Text].

9. Ruggieri V, Paz MI, Peretti MG, et al. Enterovirus D68 infection in a cluster of children with acute flaccid myelitis, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2016. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. 2017 Nov 01. [Medline].

10. Xiang Z, Li L, Ren L, et al. Seroepidemiology of enterovirus D68 infection in China. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2017 May 10. [Medline]. [Full Text].

11. Chong PF, Kira R, Mori H, et al. Clinical Features of Acute Flaccid Myelitis Temporally Associated with an Enterovirus D68 Outbreak: Results of a Nationwide Survey of Acute Flaccid Paralysis in Japan, August-December 2015. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2017 Oct 06. [Medline]. [Full Text].

12. Kaida A, Iritani N, Yamamoto SP, et al. Distinct genetic clades of enterovirus D68 detected in 2010, 2013, and 2015 in Osaka City, Japan. Public Library of Science. 2017 Sep 13. [Medline]. [Full Text].

13. Wang ZY, Zhong T, Wang Y, et al. Human Enterovirus 68 Interferes with the Host Cell Cycle to Facilitate Viral Production. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2017 Feb 8. [Medline]. [Full Text].

14. Schwartz RA. Enteroviruses. Medscape. Available at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/217146-overview. Accessed: December 20, 2014.

15. Modlin JF. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of enterovirus and parechovirus infections. UpToDate. Available at http://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-pathogenesis-treatment-and-prevention-of-enterovirus-and-parechovirus-infections.

16. Wei W, Guo H, Chang J, et al. ICAM-5/Telencephalin Is a Functional Entry Receptor for Enterovirus D68. Cell Host & Microbe. 2016 Oct 27. [Medline]. [Full Text].

17. Schieble JH, Fox VL, Lennette EH. A probable new human picornavirus associated with respiratory diseases. Am J Epidemiol. 1967 Mar. 85(2):297-310. [Medline].

18. Zheng HW, Sun M, Guo L, et al. Nasal Infection of Enterovirus D68 Leading to Lower Respiratory Tract Pathogenesis in Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Viruses. 2017 May 10. [Medline]. [Full Text].

19. Rui Y, Su J, Wang H, et al. Disruption of MDA5-Mediated Innate Immune Responses by the 3C Proteins of Coxsackievirus A16, Coxsackievirus A6, and Enterovirus D68. Journal of Virology. 2017 Jun 09. [Medline]. [Full Text].

20. Lei X, Xiao X, Wang J. Innate Immunity Evasion by Enteroviruses: Insights into Virus-Host Interaction. Viruses. 2016 Jan 15. [Medline]. [Full Text].

21. Lang M, Mirand A, Savy N, Henquell C, Maridet S, Perignon R, et al. Acute flaccid paralysis following enterovirus D68 associated pneumonia, France, 2014. Euro Surveill. 2014 Nov 6. 19(44):[Medline].

22. Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SR, Wu W, Sall AA, et al. Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68. J Gen Virol. 2012 Sep. 93:1952-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].

23. Imamura T, Oshitani H. Global reemergence of enterovirus D68 as an important pathogen for acute respiratory infections. Rev Med Virol. 2014 Dec 3. [Medline].

24. Shaw J, Welch TR, Milstone AM. The role of syndromic surveillance in directing the public health response to the enterovirus D68 epidemic. JAMA Pediatr. 2014 Nov. 168(11):981-2. [Medline].

25. Pastula DM, Aliabadi N, Haynes AK, Messacar K, Schreiner T, Maloney J, et al. Acute neurologic illness of unknown etiology in children - Colorado, August-September 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014 Oct 10. 63(40):901-2. [Medline].

26. Garcia J, Espejo V, Nelson M, Sovero M, Villaran MV, Gomez J, et al. Human rhinoviruses and enteroviruses in influenza-like illness in Latin America. Virol J. 2013 Oct 11. 10:305. [Medline]. [Full Text].

27. Ayscue P, Van Haren K, Sheriff H, Waubant E, Waldron P, Yagi S, et al. Acute flaccid paralysis with anterior myelitis - California, June 2012-June 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014 Oct 10. 63(40):903-6. [Medline].

28. Maloney JA, Mirsky DM, Messacar K, Dominguez SR, Schreiner T, Stence NV. MRI Findings in Children with Acute Flaccid Paralysis and Cranial Nerve Dysfunction Occurring during the 2014 Enterovirus D68 Outbreak. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014 Nov 20. [Medline].

29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Enterovirus D68 for Health Care Professionals. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/non-polio-enterovirus/hcp/EV-D68-hcp.html. Accessed: December 20, 2014.

30. Wylie TN, Wylie KM, Buller RS, Cannella M, Storch GA. Development and Evaluation of an Enterovirus D68 Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2015 Aug. 53 (8):2641-7. [Medline].

31. Zhang Y, Moore DD, Nix WA, et al. Neutralization of Enterovirus D68 isolated from the 2014 US outbreak by commercial intravenous immune globulin products. Journal of Clinical Virology. 2015 Aug. 69:172-175. [Medline]. [Full Text].

32. Hixon AM, Clarke P, Tyler KL. Evaluating Treatment Efficacy in a Mouse Model of Enterovirus D68-Associated Paralytic Myelitis. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2017 Sep 13. 216:1245-1253. [Medline].

33. Roux, Alexandra, and Sabeen Lulu. A Polio-Like Syndrome in California: Clinical, Radiologic, and Serologic Evaluation of Five Children Identified by a Statewide Laboratory over a Twelve-Months Period. Neurology. April 2014. [Full Text].

34. Smee DF, Evans WJ, Nicolaou KC, et al. Susceptibilities of enterovirus D68, enterovirus 71, and rhinovirus 87 strains to various antiviral compounds. Antiviral Research. 2016 Jul. 131:61-65. [Medline]. [Full Text].

35. Patel MC, Wang W, Pletneva LM, et al. Enterovirus D-68 Infection, Prophylaxis, and Vaccination in a Novel Permissive Animal Model, the Cotton Rat (Sigmodon hispidus). Public Library of Science. 2016 Nov 04. [Medline]. [Full Text].

36. Rhoden E, Zhang M, Nix WA, et al. In Vitro Efficacy of Antiviral Compounds against Enterovirus D68. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2015 Dec. [Medline]. [Full Text].

37. Kim Y, Kankanamalage AC, Damalanka VC, et al. Potent inhibition of enterovirus D68 and human rhinoviruses by dipeptidyl aldehydes and α-ketoamides. Antiviral Research. 2016 Jan. [Medline]. [Full Text].

HoJoon You, MD Fellow, Department of Infectious Disease, Einstein Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Sarah Perloff, DO, FACP Associate Chair for Faculty Affairs, Department of Internal Medicine, Program Director, Infectious Diseases Fellowship, Associate Program Director, Internal Medicine Residency, Einstein Medical Center

Sarah Perloff, DO, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Osteopathic Association, Infectious Diseases Society of America, HIV Medicine Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Buck Christensen Medscape Editorial Staff

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD David Ross Boyd Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Stewart G Wolf Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Master of the American College of Physicians; Fellow, Infectious Diseases Society of America; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Association of Professors of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Oklahoma State Medical Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Buck Christensen Medscape Editorial Staff

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jean Gabriel Bustamante Alvarez, MD Resident Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical Center

Jean Gabriel Bustamante Alvarez, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article