Norovirus Medication

1. Tian P, Mandrell R. Detection of norovirus capsid proteins in faecal and food samples by a real time immuno-PCR method. J Appl Microbiol. 2006 Mar. 100(3):564-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Brinker JP, Blacklow NR, Jiang X, Estes MK, Moe CL, Herrmann JE. Immunoglobulin M antibody test to detect genogroup II Norwalk-like virus infection. J Clin Microbiol. 1999 Sep. 37(9):2983-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. Lowes R. New Norovirus Strain Hits US. Medscape Medical News. Jan 24 2013. [Full Text].

4. CDC. Notes from the Field: Emergence of New Norovirus Strain GII.4 Sydney—United States, 2012. MMWR. Jan 25 2013. 62(3):55. [Full Text].

5. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.012.0.03.htm. 2002;

6. Shoemaker GK, van Duijn E, Crawford SE, Uetrecht C, Baclayon M, Roos WH, et al. Norwalk virus assembly and stability monitored by mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2010 Aug. 9(8):1742-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

7. Jiang X, Wang M, Wang K, Estes MK. Sequence and genomic organization of Norwalk virus. Virology. 1993 Jul. 195(1):51-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Ando T, Noel JS, Fankhauser RL. Genetic classification of "Norwalk-like viruses. J Infect Dis. 2000 May. 181 Suppl 2:S336-48. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Zheng DP, Ando T, Fankhauser RL, Beard RS, Glass RI, Monroe SS. Norovirus classification and proposed strain nomenclature. Virology. 2006 Mar 15. 346(2):312-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Donaldson EF, Lindesmith LC, Lobue AD, Baric RS. Norovirus pathogenesis: mechanisms of persistence and immune evasion in human populations. Immunol Rev. 2008 Oct. 225:190-211. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Huang P, Farkas T, Marionneau S, Zhong W, Ruvoën-Clouet N, Morrow AL, et al. Noroviruses bind to human ABO, Lewis, and secretor histo-blood group antigens: identification of 4 distinct strain-specific patterns. J Infect Dis. 2003 Jul 1. 188(1):19-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Schreiber DS, Blacklow NR, Trier JS. The mucosal lesion of the proximal small intestine in acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med. 1973 Jun 21. 288(25):1318-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Troeger H, Loddenkemper C, Schneider T, Schreier E, Epple HJ, Zeitz M, et al. Structural and functional changes of the duodenum in human norovirus infection. Gut. 2009 Aug. 58(8):1070-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis: etiology and pathogenesis. Ann Intern Med. 1972 Jun. 76(6):993-1008. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Widerlite L, Trier JS, Blacklow NR, Schreiber DS. Structure of the gastric mucosa in acute infectious bacterial gastroenteritis. Gastroenterology. 1975 Mar. 68(3):425-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Norovirus: U.S. Trends and Outbreaks. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/trends-outbreaks.html. December 30, 2014;

17. Norovirus and Salmonella were Leading Causes of Foodborne Disease Outbreaks in 2006. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/2009/r090611.htm.

18. Mounts AW, Ando T, Koopmans M, Bresee JS, Noel J, Glass RI. Cold weather seasonality of gastroenteritis associated with Norwalk-like viruses. J Infect Dis. 2000 May. 181 Suppl 2:S284-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Parker SP, Cubitt WD, Jiang XJ, Estes MK. Seroprevalence studies using a recombinant Norwalk virus protein enzyme immunoassay. J Med Virol. 1994 Feb. 42(2):146-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Rockx B, De Wit M, Vennema H, Vinjé J, De Bruin E, Van Duynhoven Y, et al. Natural history of human calicivirus infection: a prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Aug 1. 35(3):246-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Mattner F, Sohr D, Heim A, Gastmeier P, Vennema H, Koopmans M. Risk groups for clinical complications of norovirus infections: an outbreak investigation. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006 Jan. 12(1):69-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Ito S, Takeshita S, Nezu A, Aihara Y, Usuku S, Noguchi Y, et al. Norovirus-associated encephalopathy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006 Jul. 25(7):651-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Sugimoto T, Ogawa N, Aoyama M, Sakaguchi M, Isshiki K, Kanasaki M, et al. Haemolytic uraemic syndrome complicated with norovirus-associated gastroenteritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007 Jul. 22(7):2098-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Guerrant RL, Shields DS, Thorson SM. Evaluation and diagnosis of acute infectious diarrhea. Am J Med. 1985 Jun 28. 78(6B):91-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Boxman I, Dijkman R, Verhoef L, Maat A, van Dijk G, Vennema H, et al. Norovirus on swabs taken from hands illustrate route of transmission: a case study. J Food Prot. 2009 Aug. 72(8):1753-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Cheng VC, Tai JW, Ho YY, Chan JF. Successful control of norovirus outbreak in an infirmary with the use of alcohol-based hand rub. J Hosp Infect. 2009 Aug. 72(4):370-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Liu P, Yuen Y, Hsiao HM, Jaykus LA, Moe C. Effectiveness of liquid soap and hand sanitizer against Norwalk virus on contaminated hands. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 Jan. 76(2):394-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

28. Atmar RL, Estes MK. The epidemiologic and clinical importance of norovirus infection. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2006 Jun. 35(2):275-90, viii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Blacklow NR, Greenberg HB. Viral gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med. 1991 Jul 25. 325(4):252-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Multisite outbreak of norovirus associated with a franchise restaurant--Kent County, Michigan, May 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006 Apr 14. 55(14):395-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Norovirus outbreak among evacuees from hurricane Katrina--Houston, Texas, September 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005 Oct 14. 54(40):1016-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with noroviruses on cruise ships--United States, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002 Dec 13. 51(49):1112-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. [Guideline] DuPont HL. Guidelines on acute infectious diarrhea in adults. The Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997 Nov. 92(11):1962-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Graham DY, Jiang X, Tanaka T. Norwalk virus infection of volunteers: new insights based on improved assays. J Infect Dis. 1994 Jul. 170(1):34-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Greenberg HB, Valdesuso J, Yolken RH. Role of Norwalk virus in outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis. J Infect Dis. 1979 May. 139(5):564-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Jiang X, Wang M, Graham DY. Expression, self-assembly, and antigenicity of the Norwalk virus capsid protein. J Virol. 1992 Nov. 66(11):6527-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Jääskeläinen AJ, Maunula L. Applicability of microarray technique for the detection of noro- and astroviruses. J Virol Methods. 2006 Sep. 136(1-2):210-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Kaplan JE, Gary GW, Baron RC. Epidemiology of Norwalk gastroenteritis and the role of Norwalk virus in outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Jun. 96(6 Pt 1):756-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Moe CL, Gentsch J, Ando T. Application of PCR to detect Norwalk virus in fecal specimens from outbreaks of gastroenteritis. J Clin Microbiol. 1994 Mar. 32(3):642-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Zartash Zafar Khan, MD, FACP Infectious Disease Consultant

Zartash Zafar Khan, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Infectious Diseases Society of America, International Society for Infectious Diseases

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Todd S Wills, MD Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Program Director, Infectious Disease Fellowship Program, University of South Florida College of Medicine

Todd S Wills, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michelle A Jaworski, MD Consulting Staff, Midland Orthopedic Associates

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mark Martin Huycke, MD Professor of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Chief, Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City

Mark Martin Huycke, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association for Cancer Research, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Richard B Brown, MD, FACP Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Baystate Medical Center; Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine

Richard B Brown, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Massachusetts Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD David Ross Boyd Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Stewart G Wolf Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Master of the American College of Physicians; Fellow, Infectious Diseases Society of America; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Association of Professors of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Oklahoma State Medical Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joseph R Masci, MD, FACP, FCCP Professor of Medicine, Professor of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Director of Medicine, Elmhurst Hospital Center

Joseph R Masci, MD, FACP, FCCP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Infectious Diseases Society of America, International AIDS Society, International Society for Infectious Diseases, New York Academy of Medicine, New York Academy of Sciences, Physicians for Social Responsibility, Royal Society of Medicine, Association of Program Directors in Internal Medicine, Physicians for Human Rights, Association of Professors of Medicine, HIV Medicine Association, American Academy of HIV Medicine, Association of Specialty Professors, International Association of Providers of AIDS Care, Federation of American Scientists, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article