Pediculosis and Pthiriasis (Lice Infestation) Questions & Answers

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26. Foucault C, Ranque S, Badiaga S, Rovery C, Raoult D, Brouqui P. Oral ivermectin in the treatment of body lice. J Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 1. 193(3):474-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Elston DM. Treating pediculosis--those nit-picking details. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007 Jul-Aug. 24(4):415-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Nolt D, Moore S, Yan AC, Melnick L, COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES, COMMITTEE ON PRACTICE AND AMBULATORY MEDICINE, et al. Head Lice. Pediatrics. 2022 Oct 1. 150 (4):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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31. Lwegaba A. Shaving can be safer head lice treatment than insecticides. BMJ. 2005 Jun 25. 330(7506):1510. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

32. Jahnke C, Bauer E, Hengge UR, Feldmeier H. Accuracy of diagnosis of pediculosis capitis: visual inspection vs wet combing. Arch Dermatol. 2009 Mar. 145(3):309-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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35. Louni M, Mana N, Bitam I, Dahmani M, Parola P, Fenollar F, et al. Body lice of homeless people reveal the presence of several emerging bacterial pathogens in northern Algeria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018 Apr. 12 (4):e0006397. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Brouqui P, Lascola B, Roux V, Raoult D. Chronic Bartonella quintana bacteremia in homeless patients. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jan 21. 340(3):184-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Di Stefani A, Hofmann-Wellenhof R, Zalaudek I. Dermoscopy for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of pediculosis capitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 May. 54(5):909-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Cummings C, Finlay JC, MacDonald NE. Head lice infestations: A clinical update. Paediatr Child Health. 2018 Feb. 23 (1):e18-e24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. British Association for Sexual Health and HIV. United Kingdom national guideline on the management of phthirus pubis infestation. National Guideline Clearinghouse. Feb 2008.

40. Stough D, Shellabarger S, Quiring J, Gabrielsen AA Jr. Efficacy and safety of spinosad and permethrin creme rinses for pediculosis capitis (head lice). Pediatrics. 2009 Sep. 124(3):e389-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Bowles VM, VanLuvanee LJ, Alsop H, Hazan L, Shepherd K, Sidgiddi S, et al. Clinical studies evaluating abametapir lotion, 0.74%, for the treatment of head louse infestation. Pediatr Dermatol. 2018 Sep. 35 (5):616-621. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

42. Bowles VM, Hanegraaf S, Ahveninen T, Sidgiddi S, Allenby K, Alsop H. Effect of a New Head Lice Treatment, Abametapir Lotion, 0.74%, on Louse Eggs: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study. Glob Pediatr Health. 2019. 6:2333794X19831295. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

43. Pearlman DL. A simple treatment for head lice: dry-on, suffocation-based pediculicide. Pediatrics. 2004 Sep. 114(3):e275-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Pearlman DL. Nuvo lotion and the future of head-lice treatment. Pediatrics. 2005 May. 115(5):1452-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Benzyl alcohol lotion 5% [package insert]. Atlanta, GA: Sciele Pharma Inc; 2009.

46. www.getresultz.ca Accessed January 8, 2015.

47. Burgess IF. The mode of action of dimeticone 4% lotion against head lice, Pediculus capitis. BMC Pharmacol. 2009 Feb 20. 9:3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

48. Ihde ES, Boscamp JR, Loh JM, Rosen L. Safety and efficacy of a 100% dimethicone pediculocide in school-age children. BMC Pediatr. 2015 Jun 20. 15:70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Heukelbach J, Pilger D, Oliveira FA, Khakban A, Ariza L, Feldmeier H. A highly efficacious pediculicide based on dimeticone: randomized observer blinded comparative trial. BMC Infect Dis. 2008. 8:115. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Nix Ultra Shampoo. Nix. Available at https://www.nixlice.com/lice-products/nix-ultra-shampoo. Accessed: August 10, 2019.

51. Mumcuoglu KY, Magdassi S, Miller J, Ben-Ishai F, Zentner G, Helbin V, et al. Repellency of citronella for head lice: double-blind randomized trial of efficacy and safety. Isr Med Assoc J. 2004 Dec. 6(12):756-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Burgess IF, Brown CM, Lee PN. Treatment of head louse infestation with 4% dimeticone lotion: randomised controlled equivalence trial. BMJ. 2005 Jun 18. 330(7505):1423. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

53. Burgess IF. Current treatments for pediculosis capitis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009 Apr. 22(2):131-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Toloza AC, Vassena C, Picollo MI. Ovicidal and adulticidal effects of monoterpenoids against permethrin-resistant human head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis. Med Vet Entomol. 2008 Dec. 22(4):335-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Akisu C, Delibas SB, Aksoy U. Albendazole: single or combination therapy with permethrin against pediculosis capitis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2006 Mar-Apr. 23(2):179-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Chosidow O, Giraudeau B, Cottrell J, Izri A, Hofmann R, Mann SG, et al. Oral ivermectin versus malathion lotion for difficult-to-treat head lice. N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 11. 362(10):896-905. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Bailey AM, Prociv P. Persistent head lice following multiple treatments: evidence for insecticide resistance in Pediculus humanus capitis. Australas J Dermatol. 2000 Nov. 41(4):250-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Downs AM, Stafford KA, Harvey I, Coles GC. Evidence for double resistance to permethrin and malathion in head lice. Br J Dermatol. 1999 Sep. 141(3):508-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Gonzalez Audino P, Barrios S, Vassena C, Mougabure Cueto G, Zerba E, Picollo MI. Increased monooxygenase activity associated with resistance to permethrin in Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae) from Argentina. J Med Entomol. 2005 May. 42(3):342-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Picollo MI, Vassena CV, Mougabure Cueto GA, Vernetti M, Zerba EN. Resistance to insecticides and effect of synergists on permethrin toxicity in Pediculus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae) from Buenos Aires. J Med Entomol. 2000 Sep. 37(5):721-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Kristensen M, Knorr M, Rasmussen AM, Jespersen JB. Survey of permethrin and malathion resistance in human head lice populations from Denmark. J Med Entomol. 2006 May. 43(3):533-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Meinking TL, Entzel P, Villar ME, Vicaria M, Lemard GA, Porcelain SL. Comparative efficacy of treatments for pediculosis capitis infestations: update 2000. Arch Dermatol. 2001 Mar. 137(3):287-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Drugs for head lice. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1997 Jan 17. 39(992):6-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Yoon KS, Gao JR, Lee SH, Clark JM, Brown L, Taplin D. Permethrin-resistant human head lice, Pediculus capitis, and their treatment. Arch Dermatol. 2003 Aug. 139(8):994-1000. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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66. Izri A, Chosidow O. Efficacy of machine laundering to eradicate head lice: recommendations to decontaminate washable clothes, linens, and fomites. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Jan 15. 42(2):e9-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Burgess IF, Lee PN, Matlock G. Randomised, controlled, assessor blind trial comparing 4% dimeticone lotion with 0.5% malathion liquid for head louse infestation. PLoS One. 2007 Nov 7. 2(11):e1127. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

Lyn C C Guenther, MD, FRCPC, FAAD Medical Director, The Guenther Dermatology Research Centre; President, Guenther Research, Inc; Professor of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Canada

Lyn C C Guenther, MD, FRCPC, FAAD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, Association of Professors of Dermatology, Canadian Dermatology Association, Canadian Dermatology Foundation, Canadian Medical Association, Canadian Society for Dermatologic Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, Drug Industry Association, European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, International Hyperhidrosis Society, International League of Dermatological Societies, International Society for Dermatologic Surgery, London and District Academy of Medicine, Ontario Medical Association, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Society for Investigative Dermatology, Society for Pediatric Dermatology

Disclosure: Received consulting fee and honorarium and performed clinical research for consulting for: Johnson & Johnson.

Rosabella Pitera, BS MD Candidate, University of Minnesota Medical School

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Sheilagh Maguiness, MD, FAAD, FRCPC Associate Professor of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Division Director of Pediatric Dermatology, Director, Center for Pediatric Vascular Anomalies, University of Minnesota Medical School

Sheilagh Maguiness, MD, FAAD, FRCPC is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies, Minnesota Dermatological Society, Pediatric Dermatology Research Alliance, Society for Pediatric Dermatology

Disclosure: Have a 5% or greater equity interest in: Stryke Club, personal care for teen boys.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD David Ross Boyd Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Stewart G Wolf Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Master of the American College of Physicians; Fellow, Infectious Diseases Society of America; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Association of Professors of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Oklahoma State Medical Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Thomas W Austin, MD Professor Emeritus, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, University of Western Ontario, Canada

Thomas W Austin, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Canadian Infectious Disease Society, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, Ontario Medical Association, and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David F Butler, MD Professor of Dermatology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine; Chair, Department of Dermatology, Director, Dermatology Residency Training Program, Scott and White Clinic, Northside Clinic

David F Butler, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, American Society for MOHS Surgery, Association of Military Dermatologists, and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Edward F Chan, MD Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

Edward F Chan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Society of Dermatopathology, and Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pamela L Dyne, MD Professor of Clinical Medicine/Emergency Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center

Pamela L Dyne, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Dirk M Elston, MD, Director, Ackerman Academy of Dermatopathology, New York

Dirk M Elston, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joseph F John Jr, MD, FACP, FIDSA, FSHEA Clinical Professor of Medicine, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Medical University of South Carolina; Associate Chief of Staff for Education, Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Daniel J Hogan, MD Clinical Professor of Internal Medicine (Dermatology), Nova Southeastern University College of Osteopathic Medicine; Investigator, Hill Top Research, Florida Research Center

Daniel J Hogan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American Contact Dermatitis Society, and Canadian Dermatology Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Edmond A Hooker II, MD, DrPH, FAAEM Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine

Edmond A Hooker II, MD, DrPH, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Public Health Association, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Abdul-Ghani Kibbi, MD Professor and Chair, Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Rick Kulkarni, MD

Rick Kulkarni, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, American Medical Informatics Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: WebMD Salary Employment

David A Peak, MD Assistant Residency Director of Harvard Affiliated Emergency Medicine Residency, Attending Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital; Consulting Staff, Department of Hyperbaric Medicine, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary

David A Peak, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Nelly Rubeiz, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut Medical Center; Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut, Lebanon

Nelly Rubeiz, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha and American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH Professor and Head, Dermatology, Professor of Pathology, Pediatrics, Medicine, and Preventive Medicine and Community Health, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School

Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Physicians, and Sigma Xi

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Russell W Steele, MD Head, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ochsner Children's Health Center; Clinical Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine

Russell W Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research, and Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Jeter (Jay) Pritchard Taylor III, MD Compliance Officer, Attending Physician, Emergency Medicine Residency, Department of Emergency Medicine, Palmetto Health Richland, University of South Carolina School of Medicine; Medical Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Palmetto Health Baptist

Jeter (Jay) Pritchard Taylor III, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Pharmacy Editor, Medscape

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Wayne Wolfram, MD, MPH Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mercy St Vincent Medical Center

Wayne Wolfram, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Academy of Pediatrics, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Neil W Yoder, DO Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, St Vincent Mercy Medical Center

Neil W Yoder, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and Emergency Medicine Residents Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jeffrey M Zaks, MD Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Vice President, Medical Affairs, Chief Medical Officer, Department of Internal Medicine, Providence Hospital

Jeffrey M Zaks, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology, American College of Healthcare Executives, American College of Physician Executives, and American Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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