Picornavirus Infections Workup

1. Melnick JL. Portraits of viruses: the picornaviruses. Intervirology. 1983. 20(2-3):61-100. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Atmar RL, Piedra PA, Patel SM, Greenberg SB, Couch RB, Glezen WP. Picornavirus - the Most Common Respiratory Virus Infection among Patients of All Ages Hospitalized with Acute Respiratory Illness. J Clin Microbiol. 2011 Nov 23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Racaniello VR. Picornaviridae: the viruses and their replication. Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE. Fields Virology. 5th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. Vol 1: 795-838.

4. Melnick JL. Properties and classification of hepatitis A virus. Vaccine. 1992. 10 Suppl 1:S24-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Papadopoulos NG, Sanderson G, Hunter J. Rhinoviruses replicate effectively at lower airway temperatures. J Med Virol. 1999 May. 58(1):100-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Jiang P, Liu Y, Ma HC, Paul AV, Wimmer E. Picornavirus Morphogenesis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2014 Sep. 78(3):418-437. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Drexler JF, Luna LK, Stöcker A, Almeida PS, Ribeiro TC, Petersen N. Circulation of 3 lineages of a novel Saffold cardiovirus in humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 Sep. 14(9):1398-405. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Abraham G, Colonno RJ. Many rhinovirus serotypes share the same cellular receptor. J Virol. 1984 Aug. 51(2):340-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Holland J. Enterovirus entrance into specific host cells and subsequent alterations of cell protein and nucleic acid synthesis. Bacteriol Rev. 1964. 28:3-13.

10. Lonberg-Holm K, Korant BD. Early interaction of rhinoviruses with host cells. J Virol. 1972 Jan. 9(1):29-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Ogram SA, Flanegan JB. Non-Templated Functions of Viral RNA in Picornavirus Replication. Curr Opin Virol. 2011 Nov 1. 1(5):339-346. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

12. Alexander HE, Koch G, Mountain IM, Sprunt K, Van Damme O. Infectivity of ribonucleic acid of poliovirus on HeLa cell mono-layers. Virology. 1958 Feb. 5(1):172-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Trip HF, Schonenberg D, Starreveld JS, Versteegh FG. An enterovirus epidemic in infants in the summer and fall of 2006. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008 Nov 7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. cdc. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/non-polio-enterovirus/outbreaks-surveillance.html.

15. Gwaltney JM Jr. Rhinovirus. Mandell GL, Bennet JE, Dolin R. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 6th 3d. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2005. Vol 2: 2185-94.

16. Abed Y, Boivin G. New Saffold cardioviruses in 3 children, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 May. 14(5):834-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. D'Errico MM, Barbadoro P, Bacelli S, Esposto E, Moroni V, Scaccia F. Surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis in the Marches region (Italy): 1997-2007. BMC Infect Dis. 2008. 8:135. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Dos Santos GP, Skraba I, Oliveira D, Lima AA, de Melo MM, Kmetzsch CI, et al. Enterovirus meningitis in Brazil, 1998-2003. J Med Virol. 2006 Jan. 78(1):98-104. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Global Polio Eradication Initiative (partnership between World Health Organization, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Rotary International, and United Nations Children's Fund). Wild Poliovirus 2000-2008. Global Polio Eradication Initiative. Available at http://www.polioeradication.org/content/general/casecount.pdf. Accessed: 21 November, 2008.

20. Qiu J. Enterovirus 71 infection: a new threat to global public health?. Lancet Neurol. 2008 Oct. 7(10):868-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Tu PV, Thao NT, Perera D, Huu TK, Tien NT, Thuong TC. Epidemiologic and virologic investigation of hand, foot, and mouth disease, southern Vietnam, 2005. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 Nov. 13(11):1733-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Zhao YN, Jiang QW, Jiang RJ, Chen L, Perlin DS. Echovirus 30, Jiangsu Province, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005 Apr. 11(4):562-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. WHO. Available at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en/.

24. Legay F, Lévêque N, Gacouin A, Tattevin P, Bouet J, Thomas R. Fatal coxsackievirus A-16 pneumonitis in adult. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 Jul. 13(7):1084-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Abed Y, Boivin G. Human parechovirus types 1, 2 and 3 infections in Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Jun. 12(6):969-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Bell BP, Anderson DA, Feinstone SM. Hepatitis A virus. Mandell GL, Bennet JE, Dolin R. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2005. Vol 2: 2162-85.

27. Verboon-Maciolek MA, Groenendaal F, Hahn CD, Hellmann J, van Loon AM, Boivin G, et al. Human parechovirus causes encephalitis with white matter injury in neonates. Ann Neurol. 2008 Sep. 64(3):266-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Chen JH, Chiu NC, Chang JH. A neonatal echovirus 11 outbreak in an obstetric clinic. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2005. 38:332-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Modlin JF. Coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses. Mandell GL, Bennet JE, Dolin R. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2005. Vol 2: 2148-61.

30. Makela MJ, Puhakka T, Ruuskanen O. Viruses and bacteria in the etiology of the common cold. J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Feb. 36(2):539-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/9/1/02-0112_article.

32. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/hepa.html#hepa.

33. Modlin JF. Poliovirus. Mandell GL, Bennet JE, Dolin R. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2005. Vol 2: 2141-8.

34. Fowlkes AL, Honarmand S, Glaser C, Yagi S, Schnurr D, Oberste MS. Enterovirus-associated encephalitis in the california encephalitis project, 1998-2005. J Infect Dis. 2008 Dec 1. 198(11):1685-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Ding YZ, Chen HT, Zhang J, Zhou JH, Ma LN, Zhang L, et al. An overview of control strategy and diagnostic technology for foot-and-mouth disease in China. Virol J. 2013 Mar 7. 10:78. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

36. Peltola V, Waris M, Osterback R, Susi P, Hyypiä T, Ruuskanen O. Clinical effects of rhinovirus infections. J Clin Virol. 2008 Dec. 43(4):411-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Xiang Z, Gonzalez R, Xie Z, Xiao Y, Chen L, Li Y, et al. Human rhinovirus group C infection in children with lower respiratory tract infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 Oct. 14(10):1665-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Watanabe K,Oie M, Higuchi M, Nishikawa M, Fujii M. Isolation and characterizationof novel human parechovirusfrom clinical samples. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007. 13(6):889-895. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Jaïdane H, Hober D. Role of coxsackievirus B4 in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2008 Oct 16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Liang Z, Kumar AS, Jones MS, Knowles NJ, Lipton HL. Phylogenetic analysis of the species Theilovirus: emerging murine and human pathogens. J Virol. 2008 Dec. 82(23):11545-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Andreoletti L, Blassel-Damman N, Dewilde A. Comparison of use of cerebrospinal fluid, serum, and throat swab specimens in diagnosis of enteroviral acute neurological infection by a rapid RNA detection PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Feb. 36(2):589-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Andeweg AC, Bestebroer TM, Huybreghs M. Improved detection of rhinoviruses in clinical samples by using a newly developed nested reverse transcription-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol. 1999 Mar. 37(3):524-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Molina-Ruiz AM, Santonja C, Rütten A, Cerroni L, Kutzner H, Requena L. Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnosis of Cutaneous Viral Infections- Part II: Cutaneous Viral Infections by Parvoviruses, Poxviruses, Paramyxoviridae, Picornaviridae, Retroviruses and Filoviruses. Am J Dermatopathol. 2014 Aug 28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Feng Q, Langereis MA, van Kuppeveld FJ. Induction and suppression of innate antiviral responses by picornaviruses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2014 Jul 18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Shivan Shah, MD Fellow in Infectious Disease, Orlando Health

Shivan Shah, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary Catherine Bowman, MD, PhD Program Director, Infectious Diseases Fellowship Program, Orlando Health; Clinical Assistant Professor, University of Central Florida College of Medicine and Florida State University College of Medicine

Mary Catherine Bowman, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Charles V Sanders, MD Edgar Hull Professor and Chairman, Department of Internal Medicine, Professor of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine in New Orleans; Medical Director, Medicine Hospital Center, Charity Hospital and Medical Center of Louisiana at New Orleans; Consulting Staff, Ochsner Medical Center

Charles V Sanders, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics, Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association for Physician Leadership, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of University Professors, American Clinical and Climatological Association, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, American Geriatrics Society, American Lung Association, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Thoracic Society, American Venereal Disease Association, Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Association of American Medical Colleges, Association of American Physicians, Association of Professors of Medicine, Infectious Disease Society for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Orleans Parish Medical Society, Royal Society of Medicine, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society, Society of General Internal Medicine, Southeastern Clinical Club, Southern Medical Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation, Southwestern Association of Clinical Microbiology, The Foundation for AIDS Research

Disclosure: Receives royalties from Baxter International for: Takeda-receives royalties; UpToDate-receives royalties.

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD David Ross Boyd Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Stewart G Wolf Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Master of the American College of Physicians; Fellow, Infectious Diseases Society of America; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Association of Professors of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Oklahoma State Medical Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John M Leedom, MD Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California

John M Leedom, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, International AIDS Society, Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Larry I Lutwick, MD, FACP Editor-in-Chief, ID Cases; Moderator, Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases; Adjunct Professor of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate College of Medicine

Larry I Lutwick, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Infectious Diseases Society of New York, International Society for Infectious Diseases, New York Academy of Sciences, Veterans Affairs Society of Practitioners in Infectious Diseases

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Yana Bron, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Pediatrics, Linden Children Services Inc

Yana Bron, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Medical Informatics Association, and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert L Holmes, DO Major, Medical Corps, US Air Force, Medical Director of Infectious Diseases, Chair, Infection Control Review Function, Associate Program Director, Internal Medicine Residency Training Program, Keesler Medical Center

Robert L Holmes, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physician Executives, American Osteopathic Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, and Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article