Rhinosporidiosis Treatment & Management

1. Seeber GR. Un neuvo esporozoario parasito del hombre: dos casos encontrades en polipos nasales. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires. 1900.

2. Capoor MR, Khanna G, Rajni, Batra K, Nair D, Venkatchalam VP, et al. Rhinosporidiosis in Delhi, north India: case series from a non-endemic area and mini-review. Mycopathologia. 2009 Aug. 168(2):89-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Gaines JJ Jr, Clay JR, Chandler FW, Powell ME, Sheffield PA, Keller AP 3rd. Rhinosporidiosis: three domestic cases. South Med J. 1996 Jan. 89(1):65-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Hospenthal DR. Uncommon Fungi and Related Species. Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier; 2020. 3222-3237.

5. Hospenthal DR. Entomophthoramycosis, Lobomycosis, Rhinosporidiosis, and Sporotrichosis. Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF, eds. Tropical Infectious Diseases. Principles, Pathogens, & Practice. 3rd. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011. 603-607.

6. Karunaratne WAE. Rhinosporidiosis in Man. London, England: The Athlone Press; 1964.

7. Kwon-Chung KJ, Bennett JE. Rhinosporidiosis. Medical Mycology. Philadelphia, Pa: Lea & Febiger; 1992. 695-706.

8. Mohan H, Chander J, Dhir R, Singhal U. Rhinosporidiosis in India: a case report and review of literature. Mycoses. 1995 May-Jun. 38(5-6):223-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Moses JS, Shanmugham A, Kingsly N, et al. Epidemiological survey of rhinosporidiosis in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu. Mycopathologia. 1988 Mar. 101(3):177-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Rippon JW. Rhinosporidiosis. Medical Mycology. The Pathogenic Fungi and the Pathogenic Actinomycetes. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1988. 362-72.

11. Satyanarayana C. Rhinosporidiosis with a record of 255 cases. Acta Otolaryngol. 1960 Mar. 51:348-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Das S, Kashyap B, Barua M, Gupta N, Saha R, Vaid L. Nasal rhinosporidiosis in humans: new interpretations and a review of the literature of this enigmatic disease. Med Mycol. 2011 Apr. 49(3):311-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Almeida FA, Feitoza Lde M, Pinho JD, Mello GC, Lages JS, Silva FF, et al. Rhinosporidiosis: the largest case series in Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2016 Jul-Aug. 49 (4):473-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Vélez A, Jiménez G, Hidrón A, Talero S, Agudelo CA. Rhinosporidiosis in Colombia: case series and literature review. Trop Doct. 2018 Oct. 48 (4):289-293. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Kennedy FA, Buggage RR, Ajello L. Rhinosporidiosis: a description of an unprecedented outbreak in captive swans (Cygnus spp.) and a proposal for revision of the ontogenic nomenclature of Rhinosporidium seeberi. J Med Vet Mycol. 1995 May-Jun. 33(3):157-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Ashworth JH. On Rhinosporidium seeberi (Wernicke 1903) with special reference to its sporulation and affinities. Trans R Soc Edinburgh. 1923. 53:301-342.

17. Fredricks DN, Jolley JA, Lepp PW, Kosek JC, Relman DA. Rhinosporidium seeberi: a human pathogen from a novel group of aquatic protistan parasites. Emerg Infect Dis. 2000 May-Jun. 6(3):273-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Herr RA, Ajello L, Taylor JW, Arseculeratne SN, Mendoza L. Phylogenetic analysis of Rhinosporidium seeberi's 18S small-subunit ribosomal DNA groups this pathogen among members of the protoctistan Mesomycetozoa clade. J Clin Microbiol. 1999 Sep. 37(9):2750-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Mendoza L, Taylor JW, Ajello L. The class mesomycetozoea: a heterogeneous group of microorganisms at the animal-fungal boundary. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2002. 56:315-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Ahluwalia KB, Dhaulakhandi DB, Garg LC. Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene inRhinosporidium seeberi shows similarity to plant chloroplast DNA. Bioinformation. 2010 Sep 20. 5(3):89-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

21. Vilela R, Mendoza L. The taxonomy and phylogenetics of the human and animal pathogen Rhinosporidium seeberi: A critical review. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2012 Apr 12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Silva V, Pereira CN, Ajello L, Mendoza L. Molecular evidence for multiple host-specific strains in the genus Rhinosporidium. J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Apr. 43(4):1865-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Pushker N, Kashyap S, Bajaj MS, Meel R, Sood A, Sharma S, et al. Primary lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis with grossly dilated sac and nasolacrimal duct. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009 May-Jun. 25(3):234-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Deshpande AH, Agarwal S, Kelkar AA. Primary cutaneous rhinosporidiosis diagnosed on FNAC: a case report with review of literature. Diagn Cytopathol. 2009 Feb. 37(2):125-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Sasidharan K, Subramonian P, Moni VN, Aravindan KP, Chally R. Urethral rhinosporidiosis. Analysis of 27 cases. Br J Urol. 1987 Jan. 59(1):66-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Agrawal S, Sharma KD, Shrivastava JB. Generalized rhinosporidiosis with visceral involvement; report of a case. AMA Arch Derm. 1959 Jul. 80(1):22-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Adiga BK, Singh N, Arora VK, Bhatia A, Jain AK. Rhinosporidiosis. Report of a case with an unusual presentation with bony involvement. Acta Cytol. 1997 May-Jun. 41(3):889-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Penagos S, Zapata N, Castro JJ, Hidron A, Agudelo CA. Rhinosporidiosis in the Americas: A Systematic Review of Native Cases. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021 May 17. 105 (1):171-175. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Dutta S, Haldar D, Dutta M, Barik S, Das Biswas K, Sinha R. Socio-demographic Correlates of Rhinosporidiosis: A Hospital-Based Epidemiologic Study in Purulia, India. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017 Mar. 69 (1):108-112. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Almeida FA, Feitoza Lde M, Pinho JD, Mello GC, Lages JS, Silva FF, et al. Rhinosporidiosis: the largest case series in Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2016 Jul-Aug. 49 (4):473-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Karthikeyan P, Vijayasundaram S, Pulimoottil DT. A Retrospective Epidemiological Study of Rhinosporidiosis in a Rural Tertiary Care Centre in Pondicherry. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016 May. 10 (5):MC04-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Arseculeratne SN, Sumathipala S, Eriyagama NB. Patterns of rhinosporidiosis in Sri Lanka: comparison with international data. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2010 Jan. 41(1):175-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Sudasinghe T, Rajapakse RP, Perera NA, Kumarasiri PV, Eriyagama NB, Arseculeratne SN. The regional sero-epidemiology of rhinosporidiosis in Sri Lankan humans and animals. Acta Trop. 2011 Oct-Nov. 120(1-2):72-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Prabhu SM, Irodi A, Khiangte HL, Rupa V, Naina P. Imaging features of rhinosporidiosis on contrast CT. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2013 Jul. 23(3):212-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Job A, Venkateswaran S, Mathan M, Krishnaswami H, Raman R. Medical therapy of rhinosporidiosis with dapsone. J Laryngol Otol. 1993 Sep. 107(9):809-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Madke B, Mahajan S, Kharkar V, Chikhalkar S, Khopkar U. Disseminated cutaneous with nasopharyngeal rhinosporidiosis: Light microscopy changes following dapsone therapy. Australas J Dermatol. 2011 May. 52(2):e4-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Doddawad VG, Singh R, S S. A new technique to resolve Nasal Rhinosporidiosis: A case report with review of literature. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2022 Mar. 92:106807. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Varghese L, Kurien R, Susheel S, Cherian LM, Rebekah G, Rupa V. Rhinosporidiosis-Factors predicting disease recurrence. Mycoses. 2021 Dec. 64 (12):1471-1479. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Prasad V, Shenoy VS, Rao RA, Kamath PM, Rao KS. Rhinosporidiosis: A Chronic Tropical Disease in Lateral Pharyngeal Wall. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015 May. 9 (5):MD01-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Duane R Hospenthal, MD, PhD, FACP, FIDSA, FASTMH Physician, San Antonio Infectious Diseases Consultants; Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio

Duane R Hospenthal, MD, PhD, FACP, FIDSA, FASTMH is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Armed Forces Infectious Diseases Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America, International Society for Human and Animal Mycology, International Society for Infectious Diseases, International Society of Travel Medicine, Medical Mycological Society of the Americas, Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Thomas M Kerkering, MD Chief of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine

Thomas M Kerkering, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Public Health Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Medical Society of Virginia, Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pranatharthi Haran Chandrasekar, MBBS, MD Professor, Chief of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine

Pranatharthi Haran Chandrasekar, MBBS, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society for Microbiology, International Immunocompromised Host Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gary L Gorby, MD Associate Professor, Departments of Internal Medicine and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Creighton University School of Medicine; Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center; Associate Chair, Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Gary L Gorby, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, New York Academy of Sciences

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert Rivard, MD Deputy Chief, Department of Clinical Research

Robert Rivard, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Armed Forces Infectious Diseases Society, and Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article