Group A Streptococcal (GAS) Infections Questions & Answers

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7. Kaplan EL, Chhatwal GS, Rohde M. Reduced ability of penicillin to eradicate ingested group A streptococci from epithelial cells: clinical and pathogenetic implications. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Dec 1. 43(11):1398-406. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Borek AL, Wilemska J, Izdebski R, Hryniewicz W, Sitkiewicz I. A new rapid and cost-effective method for detection of phages, ICEs and virulence factors encoded by Streptococcus pyogenes. Pol J Microbiol. 2011. 60(3):187-201. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Musser JM, Hauser AR, Kim MH, Schlievert PM, Nelson K, Selander RK. Streptococcus pyogenes causing toxic-shock-like syndrome and other invasive diseases: clonal diversity and pyrogenic exotoxin expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Apr 1. 88(7):2668-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Cunningham MW. Pathogenesis of group A streptococcal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000 Jul. 13(3):470-511. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

11. Courtney HS, Ofek I, Hasty DL. M protein mediated adhesion of M type 24 Streptococcus pyogenes stimulates release of interleukin-6 by HEp-2 tissue culture cells. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1997 Jun 1. 151(1):65-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Fraser JD, Proft T. The bacterial superantigen and superantigen-like proteins. Immunol Rev. 2008 Oct. 225:226-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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14. Maltezou HC, Tsagris V, Antoniadou A, Galani L, Douros C, Katsarolis I, et al. Evaluation of a rapid antigen detection test in the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis in children and its impact on antibiotic prescription. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008 Sep 30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Goldberg GN, Hansen RC, Lynch PJ. Necrotizing fasciitis in infancy: report of three cases and review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol. 1984 Jul. 2(1):55-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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17. Snider LA, Swedo SE. Post-streptococcal autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system. Curr Opin Neurol. 2003 Jun. 16(3):359-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Vekemans J, Gouvea-Reis F, Kim JH, Excler JL, Smeesters PR, O'Brien KL, et al. The Path to Group A Streptococcus Vaccines: World Health Organization Research and Development Technology Roadmap and Preferred Product Characteristics. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Aug 16. 69 (5):877-883. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Martin JM, Green M, Barbadora KA, Wald ER. Group A streptococci among school-aged children: clinical characteristics and the carrier state. Pediatrics. 2004 Nov. 114(5):1212-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Callister ME, Wall RA. Descending necrotizing mediastinitis caused by group A streptococcus (serotype M1T1). Scand J Infect Dis. 2001. 33(10):771-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Mani R, Mahadevan A, Pradhan S, Nagarathna S, Srikanth NS, Dias M, et al. Fatal Group A Streptococcal meningitis in an adult. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2007 Apr. 25(2):169-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases: Division of Bacterial Diseases. Group A Streptococcal (GAS) Disease. April 3, 2008. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/Groupastreptococcal_g.htm.

23. Lurie S, Vaknine H, Izakson A, Levy T, Sadan O, Golan A. Group A Streptococcus causing a life-threatening postpartum necrotizing myometritis: a case report. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2008 Aug. 34(4 Pt 2):645-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Shaikh N, Martin JM, Casey JR, Pichichero ME, Wald ER, Colborn DK, et al. Development of a patient-reported outcome measure for children with streptococcal pharyngitis. Pediatrics. 2009 Oct. 124(4):e557-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. [Guideline] The Working Group on Severe Streptococcal Infections. Defining the group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Rationale and consensus definition. JAMA. 1993 Jan 20. 269(3):390-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Dhanda V, Vohra H, Kumar R. Virulence potential of Group A streptococci isolated from throat cultures of children from north India. Indian J Med Res. 2011 Jun. 133(6):674-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

27. Gerber MA, Randolph MF, DeMeo KK, Kaplan EL. Lack of impact of early antibiotic therapy for streptococcal pharyngitis on recurrence rates. J Pediatr. 1990 Dec. 117(6):853-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Varosy PD, Newman TB. Acute pharyngitis. N Engl J Med. 2001 May 10. 344(19):1479; author reply 1480. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Gurol Y, Akan H, Izbirak G, Tekkanat ZT, Gunduz TS, Hayran O, et al. The sensitivity and the specifity of rapid antigen test in streptococcal upper respiratory tract infections. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010 Jun. 74 (6):591-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Metaanalysis of short course antibiotic treatment for group a streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005 Oct. 24(10):909-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Norrby-Teglund A, Muller MP, Mcgeer A. Successful management of severe group A streptococcal soft tissue infections using an aggressive medical regimen including intravenous polyspecific immunoglobulin together with a conservative surgical approach. Scand J Infect Dis. 2005. 37(3):166-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. O'Loughlin RE, Roberson A, Cieslak PR, Lynfield R, Gershman K, Craig A, et al. The epidemiology of invasive group A streptococcal infection and potential vaccine implications: United States, 2000-2004. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Oct 1. 45(7):853-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Dale JB. Group A streptococcal vaccines. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1999 Mar. 13(1):227-43, viii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Steer AC, Batzloff MR, Mulholland K, Carapetis JR. Group A streptococcal vaccines: facts versus fantasy. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009 Dec. 22(6):544-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Lamagni T, Efstratiou A, Vuopio-Varkila J. The epidemiology of severe Streptococcus pyogenes associated disease in Europe. Euro Surveill. 2005 Sep 1. 10(9):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Wajima T, Murayama SY, Sunaoshi K, Nakayama E, Sunakawa K, Ubukata K. Distribution of emm type and antibiotic susceptibility of group A streptococci causing invasive and noninvasive disease. J Med Microbiol. 2008 Nov. 57:1383-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Group B Streptococcus Surveillance Report 2006. 02/2008. Available at http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/acd/diseases/gbs/gbs06.pdf.

38. Deutscher M, Lewis M, Zell ER, Taylor TH Jr, Van Beneden C, Schrag S. Incidence and severity of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae, group A Streptococcus, and group B Streptococcus infections among pregnant and postpartum women. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Jul 15. 53(2):114-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Erdem G, Mizumoto C, Esaki D, Reddy V, Kurahara D, Yamaga K, et al. Group A streptococcal isolates temporally associated with acute rheumatic fever in Hawaii: differences from the continental United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Aug 1. 45(3):e20-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Musser JM. The current state of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 Oct. 19(10):1855-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. [Guideline] Gerber MA, Baltimore RS, Eaton CB, Gewitz M, Rowley AH, Shulman ST, et al. Prevention of rheumatic fever and diagnosis and treatment of acute Streptococcal pharyngitis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, the Interdisciplinary Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology, and the Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Circulation. 2009 Mar 24. 119(11):1541-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Markowitz M, Gerber MA, Kaplan EL. Treatment of streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis: reports of penicillin's demise are premature. J Pediatr. 1993 Nov. 123(5):679-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Zartash Zafar Khan, MD, FACP Infectious Disease Consultant

Zartash Zafar Khan, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Infectious Diseases Society of America, International Society for Infectious Diseases

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michelle R Salvaggio, MD, FACP Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine; Medical Director of Infectious Diseases Institute, Director, Clinical Trials Unit, Director, Ryan White Programs, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Attending Physician, Infectious Diseases Consultation Service, Infectious Diseases Institute, OU Medical Center

Michelle R Salvaggio, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Received honoraria from Merck for speaking and teaching.

Pranatharthi Haran Chandrasekar, MBBS, MD Professor, Chief of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine

Pranatharthi Haran Chandrasekar, MBBS, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society for Microbiology, International Immunocompromised Host Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John L Brusch, MD, FACP Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Consulting Staff, Department of Medicine and Infectious Disease Service, Cambridge Health Alliance

John L Brusch, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Godfrey Harding, MD, FRCP(C) Program Director of Medical Microbiology, Professor, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, St Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Canada

Godfrey Harding, MD, FRCP(C) is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society for Microbiology, Canadian Infectious Disease Society, Canadian Medical Association, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Larry I Lutwick, MD Professor of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical School; Director, Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Health Care System, Brooklyn Campus

Larry I Lutwick, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

José Rafael Romero, MD Director of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Fellowship Program, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Combined Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Creighton University/University of Nebraska Medical Center

José Rafael Romero, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, New York Academy of Sciences, and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mark R Schleiss, MD American Legion Chair of Pediatrics, Professor of Pediatrics, Division Director, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School

Mark R Schleiss, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Pediatric Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Sat Sharma, MD, FRCPC Professor and Head, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba; Site Director, Respiratory Medicine, St Boniface General Hospital

Sat Sharma, MD, FRCPC is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Thoracic Society, Canadian Medical Association, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Royal Society of Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine, and World Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Russell W Steele, MD Head, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ochsner Children's Health Center; Clinical Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine

Russell W Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research, and Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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