Tuberculosis (TB) Questions & Answers

1. [Guideline] Treatment of tuberculosis. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003 Jun 20. 52:1-77. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Swaminathan S, Narendran G, Venkatesan P, et al. Efficacy of a 6-month versus 9-month intermittent treatment regimen in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Apr 1. 181(7):743-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Managing Drug Interactions in the Treatment of HIV-Related Tuberculosis. CDC. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/tb/TB_HIV_Drugs/default.htm. Accessed: 08/20/2008.

4. Abdool Karim SS, Naidoo K, Grobler A, et al. Timing of initiation of antiretroviral drugs during tuberculosis therapy. N Engl J Med. 2010 Feb 25. 362(8):697-706. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

5. Torok ME, Farrar JJ. When to start antiretroviral therapy in HIV-associated tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2011 Oct 20. 365(16):1538-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Nahid P, Mase SR, Migliori GB, Sotgiu G, Bothamley GH, Brozek JL, et al. Treatment of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. An Official ATS/CDC/ERS/IDSA Clinical Practice Guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Nov 15. 200 (10):e93-e142. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment. 2019. [Full Text].

8. Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. American Thoracic Society. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2000 Jun 9. 49:1-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Menzies D, Adjobimey M, Ruslami R, et al. Four Months of Rifampin or Nine Months of Isoniazid for Latent Tuberculosis in Adults. N Engl J Med. 2018 Aug 2. 379 (5):440-453. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Diallo T, Adjobimey M, Ruslami R, et al. Safety and Side Effects of Rifampin versus Isoniazid in Children. N Engl J Med. 2018 Aug 2. 379 (5):454-463. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Sterling TR, Villarino ME, Borisov AS, et al. Three months of rifapentine and isoniazid for latent tuberculosis infection. N Engl J Med. 2011 Dec 8. 365(23):2155-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Borisov AS, Bamrah Morris S, Njie GJ, Winston CA, Burton D, Goldberg S, et al. Update of Recommendations for Use of Once-Weekly Isoniazid-Rifapentine Regimen to Treat Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Jun 29. 67 (25):723-726. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR TB). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/drtb/xdrtb.htm. Accessed: November 7, 2012.

14. Asensio JA, Arbues A, Perez E, Gicquel B, Martin C. Live tuberculosis vaccines based on phoP mutants: a step towards clinical trials. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2008 Feb. 8(2):201-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Wells CD, Cegielski JP, Nelson LJ, et al. HIV infection and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: the perfect storm. J Infect Dis. 2007 Aug 15. 196 Suppl 1:S86-107. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Burman WJ, Goldberg S, Johnson JL, et al. Moxifloxacin versus ethambutol in the first 2 months of treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 Aug 1. 174(3):331-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. WHO. Fact Sheet 104. World Health Organization. Available at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/index.html. Accessed: October 13, 2010.

18. CDC. Plan to combat extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: recommendations of the Federal Tuberculosis Task Force. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2009 Feb 13. 58:1-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Drug-resistant tuberculosis. World Health Organization. Available at http://www.who.int/tb/challenges/mdr/tdrfaqs/en/index.html. Accessed: November 26, 2012.

20. Mlambo CK, Warren RM, Poswa X, Victor TC, Duse AG, Marais E. Genotypic diversity of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) in South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008 Jan. 12(1):99-104. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. World Health Organization. Antituberculosis drug resistance in the world. The WHO/IUATLD global project on anti-tuberculosis drug resistance surveillance WHO. Geneva. 2008. 1-120. [Full Text].

22. CDC. Trends in Tuberculosis – United States, 2011. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6111a2.htm?s_cid=mm6111a2_w.

23. Sokolove PE, Lee BS, Krawczyk JA, et al. Implementation of an emergency department triage procedure for the detection and isolation of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Ann Emerg Med. 2000 Apr. 35(4):327-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Moran GJ, McCabe F, Morgan MT, Talan DA. Delayed recognition and infection control for tuberculosis patients in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 1995 Sep. 26(3):290-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Menzies D, Joshi R, Pai M. Risk of tuberculosis infection and disease associated with work in health care settings. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007 Jun. 11(6):593-605. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Verhagen LM, van den Hof S, van Deutekom H, et al. Mycobacterial factors relevant for transmission of tuberculosis. J Infect Dis. 2011 May. 203(9):1249-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Leung CC, Lam TH, Chan WM, et al. Lower risk of tuberculosis in obesity. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Jun 25. 167(12):1297-304. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Slama K, Chiang CY, Enarson DA, et al. Tobacco and tuberculosis: a qualitative systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007 Oct. 11(10):1049-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Keane J, Gershon S, Wise RP, et al. Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agent. N Engl J Med. 2001 Oct 11. 345(15):1098-104. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Brassard P, Suissa S, Kezouh A, Ernst P. Inhaled Corticosteroids and Risk of Tuberculosis in Patients with Respiratory Diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Oct 1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Bellamy R, Ruwende C, Corrah T, McAdam KP, Whittle HC, Hill AV. Variations in the NRAMP1 gene and susceptibility to tuberculosis in West Africans. N Engl J Med. 1998 Mar 5. 338(10):640-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Cervino AC, Lakiss S, Sow O, Hill AV. Allelic association between the NRAMP1 gene and susceptibility to tuberculosis in Guinea-Conakry. Ann Hum Genet. 2000 Nov. 64:507-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Searle S, Blackwell JM. Evidence for a functional repeat polymorphism in the promoter of the human NRAMP1 gene that correlates with autoimmune versus infectious disease susceptibility. J Med Genet. 1999 Apr. 36(4):295-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

34. Tosh K, Campbell SJ, Fielding K, et al. Variants in the SP110 gene are associated with genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis in West Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jul 5. 103(27):10364-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

35. Khor CC, Vannberg FO, Chapman SJ, et al. CISH and susceptibility to infectious diseases. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jun 3. 362(22):2092-101. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Intemann CD, Thye T, Niemann S, et al. Autophagy gene variant IRGM -261T contributes to protection from tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis but not by M. africanum strains. PLoS Pathog. 2009 Sep. 5(9):e1000577. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

37. Rossouw M, Nel HJ, Cooke GS, van Helden PD, Hoal EG. Association between tuberculosis and a polymorphic NFkappaB binding site in the interferon gamma gene. Lancet. 2003 May 31. 361(9372):1871-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Levin M, Newport MJ, D'Souza S, et al. Familial disseminated atypical mycobacterial infection in childhood: a human mycobacterial susceptibility gene?. Lancet. 1995 Jan 14. 345(8942):79-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Newport MJ, Huxley CM, Huston S, et al. A mutation in the interferon-gamma-receptor gene and susceptibility to mycobacterial infection. N Engl J Med. 1996 Dec 26. 335(26):1941-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Khor CC, Chapman SJ, Vannberg FO, et al. A Mal functional variant is associated with protection against invasive pneumococcal disease, bacteremia, malaria and tuberculosis. Nat Genet. 2007 Apr. 39(4):523-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

41. Barreiro LB, Neyrolles O, Babb CL, et al. Promoter variation in the DC-SIGN-encoding gene CD209 is associated with tuberculosis. PLoS Med. 2006 Feb. 3(2):e20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

42. Cox HS, Morrow M, Deutschmann PW. Long term efficacy of DOTS regimens for tuberculosis: systematic review. BMJ. 2008 Mar 1. 336(7642):484-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

43. Jasmer RM, Bozeman L, Schwartzman K, et al. Recurrent tuberculosis in the United States and Canada: relapse or reinfection?. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Dec 15. 170(12):1360-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. van Rie A, Warren R, Richardson M, et al. Exogenous reinfection as a cause of recurrent tuberculosis after curative treatment. N Engl J Med. 1999 Oct 14. 341(16):1174-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Waitt CJ, Peter K Banda N, White SA, et al. Early deaths during tuberculosis treatment are associated with depressed innate responses, bacterial infection, and tuberculosis progression. J Infect Dis. 2011 Aug. 204(3):358-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

46. Mazurek GH, Jereb J, Lobue P, Iademarco MF, Metchock B, Vernon A. Guidelines for using the QuantiFERON-TB Gold test for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, United States. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2005 Dec 16. 54:49-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Ang M, Htoon HM, Chee SP. Diagnosis of tuberculous uveitis: clinical application of an interferon-gamma release assay. Ophthalmology. 2009 Jul. 116(7):1391-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Schuurmans MM, Ellmann A, Bouma H, Diacon AH, Dyckmans K, Bolliger CT. Solitary pulmonary nodule evaluation with 99mTc-methoxy isobutyl isonitrile in a tuberculosis-endemic area. Eur Respir J. 2007 Dec. 30(6):1090-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Sonnenberg P, Glynn JR, Fielding K, Murray J, Godfrey-Faussett P, Shearer S. How soon after infection with HIV does the risk of tuberculosis start to increase? A retrospective cohort study in South African gold miners. J Infect Dis. 2005 Jan 15. 191(2):150-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Muga R, Ferreros I, Langohr K, et al. Changes in the incidence of tuberculosis in a cohort of HIV-seroconverters before and after the introduction of HAART. AIDS. 2007 Nov 30. 21(18):2521-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Sterling TR, Lau B, Zhang J, et al. Risk Factors for Tuberculosis After Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in the United States and Canada: Implications for Tuberculosis Screening. J Infect Dis. 2011 Sep. 204(6):893-901. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

52. Bassett IV, Wang B, Chetty S, et al. Intensive tuberculosis screening for HIV-infected patients starting antiretroviral therapy in Durban, South Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Oct 1. 51(7):823-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. [Guideline] Jensen PA, Lambert LA, Iademarco MF, Ridzon R. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care settings, 2005. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2005 Dec 30. 54:1-141. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Brown M, Varia H, Bassett P, Davidson RN, Wall R, Pasvol G. Prospective study of sputum induction, gastric washing, and bronchoalveolar lavage for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients who are unable to expectorate. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jun 1. 44(11):1415-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Jafari C, Thijsen S, Sotgiu G, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage enzyme-linked immunospot for a rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis: a Tuberculosis Network European Trialsgroup study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Oct 1. 180(7):666-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

56. Tan SH, Tan BH, Goh CL, et al. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA using polymerase chain reaction in cutaneous tuberculosis and tuberculids. Int J Dermatol. 1999 Feb. 38(2):122-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Vieites B, Suarez-Penaranda JM, Perez Del Molino ML, et al. Recovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in biopsies of erythema induratum--results in a series of patients using an improved polymerase chain reaction technique. Br J Dermatol. 2005 Jun. 152(6):1394-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. [Guideline] Updated guidelines for the use of nucleic acid amplification tests in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009 Jan 16. 58(1):7-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Reuters Health Information. Direct nucleic acid amplification testing improves TB diagnosis. Medscape Medical News. June 6, 2013. [Full Text].

60. Marks SM, Cronin W, Venkatappa T, et al. The Health-System Benefits and Cost-effectiveness of Using Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Direct Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing to Diagnose Tuberculosis Disease in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 May 22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Badak FZ, Kiska DL, Setterquist S, et al. Comparison of mycobacteria growth indicator tube with BACTEC 460 for detection and recovery of mycobacteria from clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1996 Sep. 34(9):2236-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

62. Choi JH, Lee KW, Kang HR, et al. Clinical efficacy of direct DNA sequencing analysis on sputum specimens for early detection of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a clinical setting. Chest. 2010 Feb. 137(2):393-400. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Boehme CC, Nabeta P, Hillemann D, et al. Rapid molecular detection of tuberculosis and rifampin resistance. N Engl J Med. 2010 Sep 9. 363(11):1005-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

64. Boehme CC, Nicol MP, Nabeta P, et al. Feasibility, diagnostic accuracy, and effectiveness of decentralised use of the Xpert MTB/RIF test for diagnosis of tuberculosis and multidrug resistance: a multicentre implementation study. Lancet. 2011 Apr 30. 377(9776):1495-505. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Minion J, Leung E, Menzies D, Pai M. Microscopic-observation drug susceptibility and thin layer agar assays for the detection of drug resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010 Oct. 10(10):688-98. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. CDC. Classification of Tuberculin Skin Reactions. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/LTBI/diagnosis.htm#3. Accessed: June 11, 2012.

67. [Guideline] Mazurek GH, Jereb J, Vernon A, LoBue P, Goldberg S, Castro K. Updated guidelines for using Interferon Gamma Release Assays to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection - United States, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010 Jun 25. 59:1-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Manuel O, Humar A, Preiksaitis J, et al. Comparison of quantiferon-TB gold with tuberculin skin test for detecting latent tuberculosis infection prior to liver transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2007 Dec. 7(12):2797-801. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Mazurek GH, Weis SE, Moonan PK, et al. Prospective comparison of the tuberculin skin test and 2 whole-blood interferon-gamma release assays in persons with suspected tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Oct 1. 45(7):837-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Chang KC, Leung CC. Systematic review of interferon-gamma release assays in tuberculosis: focus on likelihood ratios. Thorax. 2010 Mar. 65(3):271-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Leung CC, Yam WC, Yew WW, et al. T-Spot.TB outperforms tuberculin skin test in predicting tuberculosis disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Sep 15. 182(6):834-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Diel R, Loddenkemper R, Niemann S, Meywald-Walter K, Nienhaus A. Negative and positive predictive value of a whole-blood interferon-? release assay for developing active tuberculosis: an update. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Jan 1. 183(1):88-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Kim SH, Lee SO, Park JB, et al. A prospective longitudinal study evaluating the usefulness of a T-cell-based assay for latent tuberculosis infection in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2011 Sep. 11(9):1927-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Lin HC, Lin HC, Chen SF. Increased risk of low birthweight and small for gestational age infants among women with tuberculosis. BJOG. 2010 Apr. 117(5):585-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Reported Tuberculosis in the United States, 2018. 2019. [Full Text].

76. Kurbatova EV, Cavanaugh JS, Dalton T, Click E, Cegielski JP. Epidemiology of pyrazinamide-resistant tuberculosis in the United States, 1999-2009. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Jul 9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Boggs W. Increasing Prevalence of Pyrazinamide-Resistant Tuberculosis. Medscape [serial online]. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/808192. Accessed: July 29, 2013.

78. Sirturo (bedaquiline) prescribing information [package insert]. Titusville, NJ: Janssen Therapeutics, Division of Johnson & Johnson. December, 2012. Available at [Full Text].

79. Tucker ME. FDA approves bedaquiline for resistant TB treatment. Medscape Medical News. Dec 31, 2012. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/776901. Accessed: January 8, 2013.

80. Diacon AH, Pym A, Grobusch M, et al. The diarylquinoline TMC207 for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jun 4. 360(23):2397-405. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Achar J, Hewison C, Cavalheiro AP, Skrahina A, Cajazeiro J, Nargiza P, et al. Off-Label Use of Bedaquiline in Children and Adolescents with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Oct. 23 (10):1711-1713. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

82. CDC. Provisional CDC guidelines for the use and safety monitoring of bedaquiline fumarate (Sirturo) for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013 Oct 25. 62:1-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

83. Barclay L. MDR TB: CDC Issues Guidelines for Use of New Drug. Medscape [serial online]. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/813151. Accessed: October 28, 2013.

84. Conradie F, Diacon AH, Everitt D, Mendel C, van Niekerk C, Howell P, et al. The NIX-TB trial of pretomanid, bedaquiline and linezolid to treat XDR TB. Presented at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) 2017. Seattle, Washington. February 15, 2017. [Full Text].

85. Pretomanid [package insert]. Hyderabad, India: Mylan (for TB Alliance). August, 2019. Available at [Full Text].

86. Sanofi Receives FDA Approval of Priftin® (Rifapentine) Tablets for the Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection. Available at http://en.sanofi.com/Images/37707_20141202_priftin_en.pdf. Accessed: Dec 10 2014.

87. Belknap R, Holland D, Feng PJ, Millet JP, Caylà JA, Martinson NA, et al. Self-administered Versus Directly Observed Once-Weekly Isoniazid and Rifapentine Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2017 Nov 7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. CDC. Recommendations for use of an isoniazid-rifapentine regimen with direct observation to treat latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. MMWR. 2011;60:1650-1653.

89. Becerra MC, Appleton SC, Franke MF, et al. Tuberculosis burden in households of patients with multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2011 Jan 8. 377(9760):147-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. Weir RE, Gorak-Stolinska P, Floyd S, et al. Persistence of the immune response induced by BCG vaccination. BMC Infect Dis. 2008 Jan 25. 8:9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

91. Darrah PA, Zeppa JJ, Maiello P, et al. Prevention of tuberculosis in macaques after intravenous BCG immunization. Nature. 2020 Jan. 577 (7788):95-102. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. Ayieko J, Abuogi L, Simchowitz B, Bukusi EA, Smith AH, Reingold A. Efficacy of isoniazid prophylactic therapy in prevention of tuberculosis in children: a meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2014 Feb 20. 14:91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

93. [Guideline] Sterling TR, Njie G, Zenner D, Cohn DL, Reves R, Ahmed A, et al. Guidelines for the Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2020 Feb 14. 69 (1):1-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Hackethal V. Short TB Therapies Fail in Larger, Longer Trials. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/833799. Accessed: October 25, 2014.

95. Merle CS, Fielding K, Sow OB, et al. A four-month gatifloxacin-containing regimen for treating tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2014 Oct 23. 371(17):1588-98. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

96. Jindani A, Harrison TS, Nunn AJ, et al. High-dose rifapentine with moxifloxacin for pulmonary tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2014 Oct 23. 371(17):1599-608. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

97. Gillespie SH, Crook AM, McHugh TD, et al. Four-month moxifloxacin-based regimens for drug-sensitive tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2014 Oct 23. 371(17):1577-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

98. Warner DF, Mizrahi V. Shortening treatment for tuberculosis--to basics. N Engl J Med. 2014 Oct 23. 371(17):1642-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

99. CDC. Tuberculosis (TB). Data and Statistics. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/default.htm. Accessed: June 7, 2012.

100. WHO. Global tuberulosis control 2008: surveillance, planning, financing. World Health Organization. Available at http://www.who.int/topics/tuberculosis/en/. Accessed: October 13, 2010.

101. Xu P, Chen H, Xu J, Wu M, Zhu X, Wang F, et al. Moxifloxacin is an effective and safe candidate agent for the tuberculosis treatment: a meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2015 Oct 16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Thomas E Herchline, MD Professor of Medicine, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine; Medical Consultant, Public Health, Dayton and Montgomery County (Ohio) Tuberculosis Clinic

Thomas E Herchline, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Infectious Diseases Society of Ohio

Disclosure: Received research grant from: Regeneron.

Judith K Amorosa, MD, FACR Clinical Professor of Radiology and Vice Chair for Faculty Development and Medical Education, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School

Judith K Amorosa, MD, FACR is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Radiology, American Roentgen Ray Society, Association of University Radiologists, Radiological Society of North America, Society of Thoracic Radiology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD David Ross Boyd Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Stewart G Wolf Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Master of the American College of Physicians; Fellow, Infectious Diseases Society of America; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Association of Professors of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Oklahoma State Medical Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Erica Bang State University of New York Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Diana Brainard, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pamela S Chavis, MD Professor, Department of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine

Pamela S Chavis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Ophthalmology, and North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Dirk M Elston, MD Director, Ackerman Academy of Dermatopathology, New York

Dirk M Elston, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Theodore J Gaeta, DO, MPH, FACEP Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Vice Chairman and Program Director of Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York Methodist Hospital; Academic Chair, Adjunct Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, St George's University School of Medicine

Theodore J Gaeta, DO, MPH, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: Alliance for Clinical Education, American College of Emergency Physicians, Clerkship Directors in Emergency Medicine, Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors, New York Academy of Medicine, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Aaron Glatt, MD Professor of Clinical Medicine, New York Medical College; President and CEO, Former Chief Medical Officer, Departments of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, St Joseph Hospital (formerly New Island Hospital)

Aaron Glatt, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physician Executives, American College of Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Thoracic Society, American Venereal Disease Association, Infectious Diseases Society of America, International AIDS Society, and SocietyforHealthcareEpidemiology of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD Clinical Professor of Health Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Glaucoma Society, and Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John M Leedom, MD Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California

John M Leedom, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, International AIDS Society, and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

James Li, MD Former Assistant Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Board of Directors, Remote Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jeffrey Meffert, MD Assistant Clinical Professor of Dermatology, University of Texas School of Medicine at San Antonio

Jeffrey Meffert, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, Association of Military Dermatologists, and Texas Dermatological Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Monte S Meltzer, MD Chief, Dermatology Service, Union Memorial Hospital

Monte S Meltzer, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha and American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Susannah K Mistr, MD Resident Physician, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Maryland Medical Center

Susannah K Mistr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Medical Student Association/Foundation, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, and South Carolina Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Carol A Nacy, PhD Adjunct Professor, Department of Biology, Catholic University of America; Adjunct Professor, Department of Tropical Medicine and Microbiology, George Washington University

Carol A Nacy, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Microbiology and American Society for Microbiology

Disclosure: Sequella, Inc. Ownership interest Employment; Sequella, Inc. Ownership interest investor

J James Rowsey, MD Former Director of Corneal Services, St Luke's Cataract and Laser Institute

J James Rowsey, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Medical Association, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Florida Medical Association, Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology, Sigma Xi, and Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Hampton Roy Sr, MD Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences

Hampton Roy Sr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, and Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John D Sheppard Jr, MD, MMSc Professor of Ophthalmology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Clinical Director, Thomas R Lee Center for Ocular Pharmacology, Ophthalmology Residency Research Program Director, Eastern Virginia Medical School; President, Virginia Eye Consultants

John D Sheppard Jr, MD, MMSc is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Society for Microbiology, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, American Uveitis Society, and Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Richard H Sinert, DO Professor of Emergency Medicine, Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Research Director, State University of New York College of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kings County Hospital Center

Richard H Sinert, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Keith Tsang, MD Resident Physician, Clinical Assistant Instructor, Department of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York Downstate, Kings County Hospital

Keith Tsang, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, Emergency Medicine Residents Association, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Shyam Verma, MBBS, DVD, FAAD Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, University of Virginia; Adjunct Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, State University of New York at Stonybrook, Adjunct Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania

Shyam Verma, MBBS, DVD, FAAD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Richard P Vinson, MD Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L Foster School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Mountain View Dermatology, PA

Richard P Vinson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Association of Military Dermatologists, Texas Dermatological Society, and Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Eric L Weiss, MD, DTM&H Medical Director, Office of Service Continuity and Disaster Planning, Fellowship Director, Stanford University Medical Center Disaster Medicine Fellowship, Chairman, SUMC and LPCH Bioterrorism and Emergency Preparedness Task Force, Clinical Associate Progressor, Department of Surgery (Emergency Medicine), Stanford University Medical Center

Eric L Weiss, MD, DTM&H is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, American Medical Association, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Physicians for Social Responsibility, Southeastern Surgical Congress, Southern Association for Oncology, Southern Clinical Neurological Society, and Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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