Ureaplasma Infection Questions & Answers

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2. Xiao L, Paralanov V, Glass JI, Duffy LB, Robertson JA, Cassell GH, et al. Extensive horizontal gene transfer in ureaplasmas from humans questions the utility of serotyping for diagnostic purposes. J Clin Microbiol. 2011 Aug. 49(8):2818-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. Deguchi T, Maeda S, Tamaki M, Yoshida T, Ishiko H, Ito M. Analysis of the gyrA and parC genes of Mycoplasma genitalium detected in first-pass urine of men with non-gonococcal urethritis before and after fluoroquinolone treatment. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001 Nov. 48(5):742-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Xiao L, Paralanov V, Glass JI, Duffy LB, Robertson JA, Cassell GH. Extensive horizontal gene transfer in ureaplasmas from humans questions the utility of serotyping for diagnostic purposes. J Clin Microbiol. 2011 Aug. 49(8):2818-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Srinivasan S, Chambers LC, Tapia KA, Hoffman NG, Munch MM, Morgan JL, et al. Urethral Microbiota in Men: Association of Haemophilus influenzae and Mycoplasma penetrans With Nongonococcal Urethritis. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Oct 5. 73 (7):e1684-e1693. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Waites KB, Talkington DF. New Developments in Human Diseases Due to Mycoplasmas. Blanchard A, Browning G, eds. Mycoplasmas: Pathogenesis, Molecular Biology, and Emerging Strategies for Control. Norwich, United Kingdom: Horizon Bioscience; 2005. Chapter 9, pages 289-354.

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8. Ling CL, Oravcova K, Beattie TF, Creer DD, Dilworth P, Fulton NL, et al. Tools for detection of Mycoplasma amphoriforme: a primary respiratory pathogen?. J Clin Microbiol. 2014 Apr. 52 (4):1177-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Jensen JS. Mycoplasma genitalium: the aetiological agent of urethritis and other sexually transmitted diseases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2004 Jan. 18(1):1-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Doble A, Thomas BJ, Furr PM, Walker MM, Harris JR, Witherow RO, et al. A search for infectious agents in chronic abacterial prostatitis using ultrasound guided biopsy. Br J Urol. 1989 Sep. 64 (3):297-301. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Krieger JN, Riley DE, Roberts MC, Berger RE. Prokaryotic DNA sequences in patients with chronic idiopathic prostatitis. J Clin Microbiol. 1996 Dec. 34 (12):3120-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Soni S, Alexander S, Verlander N, Saunders P, Richardson D, Fisher M, et al. The prevalence of urethral and rectal Mycoplasma genitalium and its associations in men who have sex with men attending a genitourinary medicine clinic. Sex Transm Infect. 2010 Feb. 86 (1):21-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Lusk MJ, Konecny P, Naing ZW, Garden FL, Cumming RG, Rawlinson WD. Mycoplasma genitalium is associated with cervicitis and HIV infection in an urban Australian STI clinic population. Sex Transm Infect. 2011 Mar. 87 (2):107-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Lowe J, Watkins WJ, Edwards MO, Spiller OB, Jacqz-Aigrain E, Kotecha SJ, et al. Association between pulmonary ureaplasma colonization and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014 Jul. 33 (7):697-702. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Novy MJ, Duffy L, Axthelm MK, Sadowsky DW, Witkin SS, Gravett MG, et al. Ureaplasma parvum or Mycoplasma hominis as sole pathogens cause chorioamnionitis, preterm delivery, and fetal pneumonia in rhesus macaques. Reprod Sci. 2009 Jan. 16(1):56-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Lis R, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Manhart LE. Mycoplasma genitalium infection and female reproductive tract disease: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Aug 1. 61 (3):418-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Frenzer C, Egli-Gany D, Vallely LM, Vallely AJ, Low N. Adverse pregnancy and perinatal outcomes associated with Mycoplasma genitalium: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect. 2022 May. 98 (3):222-227. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Furr PM, Taylor-Robinson D, Webster AD. Mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas in patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia and their role in arthritis: microbiological observations over twenty years. Ann Rheum Dis. 1994 Mar. 53(3):183-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Cordtz J, Jensen JS. Disseminated Ureaplasma urealyticum infection in a hypo-gammaglobulinaemic renal transplant patient. Scand J Infect Dis. 2006. 38 (11-12):1114-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Bergin SM, Mendis SM, Young B, Binti Izharuddin E. Postoperative Mycoplasma hominis brain abscess: keep it in mind!. BMJ Case Rep. 2017 Jan 9. 2017:[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Geissdörfer W, Sandner G, John S, Gessner A, Schoerner C, Schröppel K. Ureaplasma urealyticum meningitis in an adult patient. J Clin Microbiol. 2008 Mar. 46 (3):1141-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Bharat A, Cunningham SA, Scott Budinger GR, Kreisel D, DeWet CJ, Gelman AE, et al. Disseminated Ureaplasma infection as a cause of fatal hyperammonemia in humans. Sci Transl Med. 2015 Apr 22. 7 (284):284re3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Wylam ME, Kennedy CC, Hernandez NM, Peters SG, Maleszewski JJ, Cassivi SD, et al. Fatal hyperammonaemia caused by Mycoplasma hominis. Lancet. 2013 Dec 7. 382 (9908):1956. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Tantengco OAG, De Jesus FCC 2nd, Gampoy EFS, Ornos EDB, Vidal MS Jr, Abad CLR. Hyperammonemia syndrome associated with Ureaplasma spp. Infections in immunocompromised patients and transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Transplant. 2021 Jul. 35 (7):e14334. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Torrone EA, Kruszon-Moran D, Philips C, Morris MR, Bowden KE, Papp J, et al. Prevalence of Urogenital Mycoplasma genitalium Infection, United States, 2017 to 2018. Sex Transm Dis. 2021 Nov 1. 48 (11):e160-e162. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, Johnston CM, Muzny CA, Park I, et al. Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul 23. 70 (4):1-187. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Waites KB, Xiao L, Duffy LB. Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma. Laber AL, ed. Clinical Microbiology Procedure Handbook. 4th ed. ASM Press; 2016.

28. Van Der Pol B, Waites KB, Xiao L, Taylor SN, Rao A, Nye M, et al. Mycoplasma genitalium Detection in Urogenital Specimens from Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Men and Women by Use of the cobas TV/MG Test. J Clin Microbiol. 2020 May 26. 58 (6):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Fernández J, Karau MJ, Cunningham SA, Greenwood-Quaintance KE, Patel R. Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Clonality of Clinical Ureaplasma Isolates in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016 Aug. 60 (8):4793-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Beeton ML, Chalker VJ, Maxwell NC, Kotecha S, Spiller OB. Concurrent titration and determination of antibiotic resistance in ureaplasma species with identification of novel point mutations in genes associated with resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 May. 53(5):2020-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

31. Xiao L, Crabb DM, Duffy LB, Paralanov V, Glass JI, Hamilos DL. Mutations in ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNA confer macrolide resistance in human Ureaplasma spp. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2011 Apr. 37(4):377-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Bebear CM, Renaudin H, Charron A, Gruson D, Lefrancois M, Bebear C. In vitro activity of trovafloxacin compared to those of five antimicrobials against mycoplasmas including Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates that have been genetically characterized. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Sep. 44(9):2557-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Duffy L, Glass J, Hall G, Avery R, Rackley R, Peterson S, et al. Fluoroquinolone resistance in Ureaplasma parvum in the United States. J Clin Microbiol. 2006 Apr. 44(4):1590-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Waites KB, Sims PJ, Crouse DT, Geerts MH, Shoup RE, Hamrick WB, et al. Serum concentrations of erythromycin after intravenous infusion in preterm neonates treated for Ureaplasma urealyticum infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994 Apr. 13(4):287-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Merchan LM, Hassan HE, Terrin ML, Waites KB, Kaufman DA, Ambalavanan N, et al. Pharmacokinetics, microbial response, and pulmonary outcomes of multidose intravenous azithromycin in preterm infants at risk for Ureaplasma respiratory colonization. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 Jan. 59 (1):570-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Waites KB, Crouse DT, Cassell GH. Therapeutic considerations for Ureaplasma urealyticum infections in neonates. Clin Infect Dis. 1993 Aug. 17 Suppl 1:S208-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Jensen JS, Bradshaw CS, Tabrizi SN, Fairley CK, Hamasuna R. Azithromycin treatment failure in Mycoplasma genitalium-positive patients with nongonococcal urethritis is associated with induced macrolide resistance. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Dec 15. 47(12):1546-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Bradshaw CS, Jensen JS, Tabrizi SN, Read TR, Garland SM, Hopkins CA, et al. Azithromycin failure in Mycoplasma genitalium urethritis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Jul. 12(7):1149-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Glaser AM, Geisler WM, Ratliff AE, Xiao L, Waites KB, Gaisa M. Two cases of multidrug-resistant genitourinary Mycoplasma genitalium infection successfully eradicated with minocycline. Int J STD AIDS. 2019 Apr. 30 (5):512-514. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Schelonka RL, Katz B, Waites KB, Benjamin DK Jr. Critical appraisal of the role of Ureaplasma in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia with metaanalytic techniques. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005 Dec. 24(12):1033-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Huang C, Zhu HL, Xu KR, Wang SY, Fan LQ, Zhu WB. Mycoplasma and ureaplasma infection and male infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrology. 2015 Sep. 3 (5):809-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Beeton ML, Chalker VJ, Jones LC, Maxwell NC, Spiller OB. Antibiotic resistance among clinical Ureaplasma isolates recovered from neonates in England and Wales between 2007 to 2013. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 Oct 12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Ken B Waites, MD Director, UAB Diagnostic Mycoplasma Laboratory, Professor, Department of Pathology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine

Ken B Waites, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society for Microbiology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Richard B Brown, MD, FACP Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Baystate Medical Center; Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine

Richard B Brown, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Massachusetts Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD David Ross Boyd Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Stewart G Wolf Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Master of the American College of Physicians; Fellow, Infectious Diseases Society of America; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Association of Professors of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Oklahoma State Medical Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gary L Gorby, MD Associate Professor, Departments of Internal Medicine and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Creighton University School of Medicine; Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center; Associate Chair, Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Gary L Gorby, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, New York Academy of Sciences

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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