Vibrio Infections Questions & Answers

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimates of Foodborne Illness in the United States. CDC. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden. August 19, 2016;

2. Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, Tauxe RV, Widdowson MA, Roy SL, et al. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States--major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 Jan. 17(1):7-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Vital Signs: Incidence and Trends of Infection with Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food --- Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. Sites, 1996—2010. [Full Text].

4. Danielle M. Tack, DVM1; Logan Ray, MPH1; Patricia M. Griffin, MD1; Paul R. Cieslak, MD2; John Dunn, DVM3; Tamara Rissman, et al. Preliminary Incidence and Trends of Infections with Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food — Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. Sites, 2016–2019. mmwr. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6917a1.htm?s_cid=mm6917a1_w. 05/01/2020; Accessed: 05/27/2021.

5. Marano NN, Daniels NA, Easton AN, McShan A, Ray B, Wells JG. A survey of stool culturing practices for vibrio species at clinical laboratories in Gulf Coast states. J Clin Microbiol. 2000 Jun. 38(6):2267-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Dechet AM, Yu PA, Koram N, Painter J. Nonfoodborne Vibrio infections: an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, 1997-2006. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Apr 1. 46(7):970-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Doktor K, Fraimow H. Vibrio vulnificus Infections From a Previously Nonendemic Area. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Mar 3. 172 (5):367. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vibrio illnesses after Hurricane Katrina--multiple states, August-September 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005 Sep 23. 54(37):928-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Huang KC, Weng HH, Yang TY, Chang TS, Huang TW, Lee MS. Distribution of Fatal Vibrio Vulnificus Necrotizing Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Feb. 95 (5):e2627. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Shapiro RL, Altekruse S, Hutwagner L. The role of Gulf Coast oysters harvested in warmer months in Vibrio vulnificus infections in the United States, 1988-1996. Vibrio Working Group. J Infect Dis. 1998 Sep. 178(3):752-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Richards GP, Watson MA, Boyd EF, Burkhardt W 3rd, Lau R, Uknalis J. Seasonal levels of the Vibrio predator bacteriovorax in atlantic, pacific, and gulf coast seawater. Int J Microbiol. 2013. 2013:375371. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Brennt CE, Wright AC, Dutta SK. Growth of Vibrio vulnificus in serum from alcoholics: association with high transferrin iron saturation. J Infect Dis. 1991 Nov. 164(5):1030-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Hor LI, Chang TT, Wang ST. Survival of Vibrio vulnificus in whole blood from patients with chronic liver diseases: association with phagocytosis by neutrophils and serum ferritin levels. J Infect Dis. 1999 Jan. 179(1):275-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Miyoshi S, Nakazawa H, Kawata K, Tomochika K, Tobe K, Shinoda S. Characterization of the hemorrhagic reaction caused by Vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease, a member of the thermolysin family. Infect Immun. 1998 Oct. 66(10):4851-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Shao CP, Hor LI. Metalloprotease is not essential for Vibrio vulnificus virulence in mice. Infect Immun. 2000 Jun. 68(6):3569-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Hilton T, Rosche T, Froelich B, Smith B, Oliver J. Capsular polysaccharide phase variation in Vibrio vulnificus. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Nov. 72(11):6986-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Lee SE, Kim SY, Kim CM, Kim MK, Kim YR, Jeong K. The pyrH gene of Vibrio vulnificus is an essential in vivo survival factor. Infect Immun. 2007 Jun. 75(6):2795-801. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Wong TW, Wang YY, Sheu HM, Chuang YC. Bactericidal effects of toluidine blue-mediated photodynamic action on Vibrio vulnificus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Mar. 49(3):895-902. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Lee ZW, Kim BS, Jang KK, Bang YJ, Kim S, Ha NC, et al. Small-molecule inhibitor of HlyU attenuates virulence of Vibrio species. Sci Rep. 2019 Mar 13. 9 (1):4346. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Imdad S, Chaurasia AK, Kim KK. Identification and Validation of an Antivirulence Agent Targeting HlyU-Regulated Virulence in Vibrio vulnificus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2018. 8:152. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Shirai H, Ito H, Hirayama T, Nakamoto Y, Nakabayashi N, Kumagai K. Molecular epidemiologic evidence for association of thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus with gastroenteritis. Infect Immun. 1990 Nov. 58(11):3568-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Nishibuchi M, Fasano A, Russell RG, Kaper JB. Enterotoxigenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus with and without genes encoding thermostable direct hemolysin. Infect Immun. 1992 Sep. 60(9):3539-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. National Enteric Disease Surveillance: COVIS Annual Summary, 2014. Center for Diseases Control and Prevention. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/nationalsurveillance/pdfs/covis-annual-summary-2014-508c.pdf. Accessed: May 17, 2021.

24. Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections associated with consumption of raw shellfish--three states, 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006 Aug 11. 55(31):854-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Newton AE, Garrett N, Stroika SG, Halpin JL, Turnsek M, Mody RK. Increase in Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections associated with consumption of Atlantic Coast shellfish--2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014 Apr 18. 63(15):335-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Non-O1 and Non-O139 Vibrio cholerae Infections. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/non-01-0139-infections.html. Accessed: September 26, 2014.

27. Tsai YH, Huang TJ, Hsu RW, Weng YJ, Hsu WH, Huang KC. Necrotizing soft-tissue infections and primary sepsis caused by Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio cholerae non-O1. J Trauma. 2009 Mar. 66(3):899-905. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Ralston EP, Kite-Powell H, Beet A. An estimate of the cost of acute health effects from food- and water-borne marine pathogens and toxins in the USA. J Water Health. 2011 Dec. 9(4):680-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Nakaguchi Y. Contamination by Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Its Virulent Strains in Seafood Marketed in Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Trop Med Health. 2013 Sep. 41 (3):95-102. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Osaka K, Komatsuzaki M, Takahashi H, Sakano S, Okabe N. Vibrio vulnificus septicaemia in Japan: an estimated number of infections and physicians' knowledge of the syndrome. Epidemiol Infect. 2004 Oct. 132(5):993-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Haq SM, Dayal HH. Chronic liver disease and consumption of raw oysters: a potentially lethal combination--a review of Vibrio vulnificus septicemia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 May. 100(5):1195-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Hendren N, Sukumar S, Glazer CS. Vibrio vulnificus septic shock due to a contaminated tattoo. BMJ Case Rep. 2017 May 27. 2017:[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Chuang PY, Yang TY, Huang TW, Tsai YH, Huang KC, Weng HH. Hepatic disease and the risk of mortality of Vibrio vulnificus necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019. 14 (10):e0223513. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Jones MK, Oliver JD. Vibrio vulnificus: disease and pathogenesis. Infect Immun. 2009 May. 77(5):1723-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

35. Chen SC, Chan KS, Chao WN, Wang PH, Lin DB, Ueng KC. Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors for patients with Vibrio vulnificus infections requiring intensive care: a 10-yr retrospective study. Crit Care Med. 2010 Oct. 38(10):1984-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Yun NR, Kim DM, Lee J, Han MA. pH level as a marker for predicting death among patients with Vibrio vulnificus infection, South Korea, 2000-2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Feb. 21 (2):259-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

37. Liu JW, Lee IK, Tang HJ, Ko WC, Lee HC, Liu YC. Prognostic Factors and Antibiotics in Vibrio vulnificus Septicemia. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Oct 23. 166(19):2117-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Kim DM, Jung SI, Jang HC, Lee CS, Lee SH, Yun NR, et al. Vibrio vulnificus DNA load and mortality. J Clin Microbiol. 2011 Jan. 49 (1):413-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Lee JY, Kim DM, Yun NR, Neupane GP, Jung SI, Park KH, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α and mortality in patients infected with Vibrio vulnificus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011 Mar. 84 (3):426-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Dadisman TA Jr, Nelson R, Molenda JR. Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis in Maryland. I. Clinical and epidemiologic aspects. Am J Epidemiol. 1972 Dec. 96(6):414-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Howard RJ, Lieb S. Soft-tissue infections caused by halophilic marine vibrios. Arch Surg. 1988 Feb. 123(2):245-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Klontz KC, Lieb S, Schreiber M. Syndromes of Vibrio vulnificus infections. Clinical and epidemiologic features in Florida cases, 1981-1987. Ann Intern Med. 1988 Aug 15. 109(4):318-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Global Wild Fisheries. FISHWATCH- U.S. SEAFOOD FACTS. Available at http://www.fishwatch.gov/sustainable-seafood/the-global-picture.

44. Cabello FC. Heavy use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture: a growing problem for human and animal health and for the environment. Environ Microbiol. 2006 Jul. 8 (7):1137-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Elmahdi S, DaSilva LV, Parveen S. Antibiotic resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in various countries: A review. Food Microbiol. 2016 Aug. 57:128-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Han F, Walker RD, Janes ME, Prinyawiwatkul W, Ge B. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus isolates from Louisiana Gulf and retail raw oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Nov. 73 (21):7096-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Elmahdi S, Parveen S, Ossai S, DaSilva LV, Jahncke M, Bowers J, et al. Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus Recovered from Oysters during an Oyster Relay Study. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2018 Feb 1. 84 (3):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Diep TT, Au VT, Nguyen TNN, Nguyen TKN, Nguyen TPL. virulence and antimicrobial resistance characteristics of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from environment, food and clinical samples in the south of Vietnam, 2010. bmc proceedings. Available at http://www.biomedcentral.com/1753-6561/5/S1/P94. 2011; Accessed: 2017.

49. Yen NTP, Nhung NT, Van NTB, Cuong NV, Tien Chau LT, Trinh HN, et al. Antimicrobial residues, non-typhoidal Salmonella, Vibrio spp. and associated microbiological hazards in retail shrimps purchased in Ho Chi Minh city (Vietnam). Food Control. 2020 Jan. 107:106756. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Mouzin E, Mascola L, Tormey MP. Prevention of Vibrio vulnificus infections. Assessment of regulatory educational strategies. JAMA. 1997 Aug 20. 278(7):576-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Lee HS, Choi S, Shin H, Lee JH, Choi SH. Vibrio vulnificus bacteriophage SSP002 as a possible biocontrol agent. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014 Jan. 80(2):515-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Kingsley DH. High Pressure Processing of Bivalve Shellfish and HPP’s Use as a Virus Intervention. Foods. 2014. 3(2):336-50.

53. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vibrio Species Causing Vibriosis: Information for Health Professionals & Laboratorians. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/vibrio/healthcare.html,. November 16, 2020; Accessed: March 21, 2021.

54. Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Dellinger EP, Goldstein EJ, Gorbach SL, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15. 59(2):e10-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Chen SC, Lee YT, Tsai SJ, Chan KS, Chao WN, Wang PH. Antibiotic therapy for necrotizing fasciitis caused by Vibrio vulnificus: retrospective analysis of an 8 year period. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Feb. 67(2):488-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Chuang YC, Ko WC, Wang ST, Liu JW, Kuo CF, Wu JJ. Minocycline and cefotaxime in the treatment of experimental murine Vibrio vulnificus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998 Jun. 42(6):1319-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Kim SE, Shin SU, Oh TH, Kim UJ, Darboe KS, Kang SJ, et al. Outcomes of Third-Generation Cephalosporin Plus Ciprofloxacin or Doxycycline Therapy in Patients with Vibrio vulnificus Septicemia: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019 Jun. 13 (6):e0007478. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Lin YS, Hung MH, Chen CC, Huang KF, Ko WC, Tang HJ. Tigecycline salvage therapy for necrotizing fasciitis caused by Vibrio vulnificus: Case report in a child. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2016 Feb. 49 (1):138-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Kim SE, Kim HK, Choi SM, Yu Y, Kim UJ, Darboe KS, et al. In Vitro Synergy and In Vivo Activity of Tigecycline-Ciprofloxacin Combination Therapy against Vibrio vulnificus Sepsis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2019 Oct. 63 (10):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Anand RG, Lopez FA, deBoisblanc B. Vibrio vulnificus sepsis successfully treated with antibiotics, surgical debridement, and recombinant human activated protein C. J La State Med Soc. 2004 May-Jun. 156(3):130-3; quiz 133. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Hoi Ho, MD Former Associate Dean for Faculty Affairs and Development, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Director, Center for Advanced Teaching and Assessment in Clinical Simulation (ATACS), Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; Consulting Physician, University Medical Center

Hoi Ho, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Forensic Examiners Institute, American College of Physicians, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pham Tran Dieu Hien , MD Lecturer, Infectious Disease Department, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Vietnam

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Huong Thao Nguyen, RPh, PhD, MS Lecturer and Researcher, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Richard B Brown, MD, FACP Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Baystate Medical Center; Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine

Richard B Brown, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Massachusetts Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD David Ross Boyd Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Stewart G Wolf Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Master of the American College of Physicians; Fellow, Infectious Diseases Society of America; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Association of Professors of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Oklahoma State Medical Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary D Nettleman, MD, MS, MACP Professor and Chair, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine

Mary D Nettleman, MD, MS, MACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Association of Professors of Medicine, Central Society for Clinical and Translational Research, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Society of General Internal Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Thong Huy Do, MD Staff Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Thomason Hospital, Texas Tech University

Thong Huy Do, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ogechika Karl Alozie, MBBS, MPH, AAHIVS Assistant Professor of Infectious Diseases/Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L Foster School Of Medicine

Ogechika Karl Alozie, MBBS, MPH, AAHIVS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of HIV Medicine

Disclosure: Received honoraria from AbbVie for speaking and teaching; Received honoraria from GSK for speaking and teaching.

Sun-Yu Tran Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine

Sun-Yu Tran is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Tony Tran Ho, MS Texas Tech University School of Medicine

Tony Tran Ho, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association and Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Wei-I (Vickie) Wu, MS Texas Tech University School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article