Chronic Sinusitis Questions & Answers

1. American Academy of Pediatrics - Subcommittee on Management of Sinusitis and Committee on Quality Management. Clinical practice guideline: management of sinusitis. Pediatrics. 2001 Sep. 108(3):798-808. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Slavin RG, Spector SL, Bernstein IL, et al. The diagnosis and management of sinusitis: a practice parameter update. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005 Dec. 116(6 Suppl):S13-47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Report of the Rhinosinusitis Task Force Committee Meeting. Alexandria, Virginia, August 17, 1996. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997 Sep. 117(3 Pt 2):S1-68. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Benninger MS, Ferguson BJ, Hadley JA, et al. Adult chronic rhinosinusitis: definitions, diagnosis, epidemiology, and pathophysiology. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Sep. 129(3 Suppl):S1-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL, Hadley JA, et al. Rhinosinusitis: establishing definitions for clinical research and patient care. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 Dec. 114(6 Suppl):155-212. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Biel MA, Brown CA, Levinson RM, Garvis GE, Paisner HM, Sigel ME, et al. Evaluation of the microbiology of chronic maxillary sinusitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1998 Nov. 107(11 Pt 1):942-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Brook I, Frazier EH, Foote PA. Microbiology of the transition from acute to chronic maxillary sinusitis. J Med Microbiol. 1996 Nov. 45(5):372-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Ramakrishnan Y, Shields RC, Elbadawey MR, Wilson JA. Biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis: what is new and where next?. J Laryngol Otol. 2015 Aug. 129 (8):744-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Nayak N, Satpathy G, Prasad S, Thakar A, Chandra M, Nag TC. Clinical implications of microbial biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis and orbital cellulitis. BMC Ophthalmol. 2016 Sep 21. 16 (1):165. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Mazza JM, Lin SY. Primary immunodeficiency and recalcitrant chronic sinusitis: a systematic review. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2016 Oct. 6 (10):1029-1033. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Fastenberg JH, Hsueh WD, Mustafa A, Akbar NA, Abuzeid WM. Biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis: Pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016 Dec. 2 (4):219-229. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Brook I, Foote PA, Hausfeld JN. Increase in the frequency of recovery of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in acute and chronic maxillary sinusitis. J Med Microbiol. 2008 Aug. 57:1015-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Brook I. Acute and chronic bacterial sinusitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2007 Jun. 21(2):427-48, vii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Brook I. Bacteriology of chronic maxillary sinusitis in adults. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1989 Jun. 98(6):426-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Brook I. Microbiology and choice of antimicrobial therapy for acute sinusitis complicated by subperiosteal abscess in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2016 May. 84:21-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Incorvaia C, Leo G. Treatment of rhinosinusitis: other medical options. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2010 Jan-Mar. 23(1 Suppl):70-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Brook I, Yocum P. Immune response to Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella intermedia in patients with chronic maxillary sinusitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1999 Mar. 108(3):293-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Brook I, Foote PA, Frazier EH. Microbiology of acute exacerbation of chronic sinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2004. 114:129-31.

19. Yaniv D, Stern D, Vainer I, Ben Zvi H, Yahav D, Soudry E. The bacteriology of recurrent acute exacerbations of chronic rhinosinusitis: a longitudinal analysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020. 277:3051-3057. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Brook I. Role of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in head and neck infections. J Laryngol Otol. . 2009. 123::1301-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Vickery TW, Ramakrishnan VR, Suh JD. The Role of Staphylococcus aureus in Patients with Chronic Sinusitis and Nasal Polyposis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2019 Mar 11. 19 (4):21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Nadel DM, Lanza DC, Kennedy DW. Endoscopically guided cultures in chronic sinusitis. Am J Rhinol. 1998 Jul-Aug. 12(4):233-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Ferguson BJ. Definitions of fungal rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2000 Apr. 33(2):227-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Brook I. Recovery of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in sinus fungal ball. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 2011. 145:851-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Marcus S, Roland LT, DelGaudio JM, Wise SK. The relationship between allergy and chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol. 2019 Feb. 4 (1):13-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Pleis JR, Lucas JW. Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2007. Vital Health Stat 10. 2009 May. 1-159. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Shah AR, Hairston JA, Tami TA. Sinusitis in HIV: microbiology and therapy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2005 Nov. 5(6):495-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Brook I. Microbiology and antimicrobial treatment of orbital and intracranial complications of sinusitis in children and their management. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009 Sep. 73(9):1183-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Fokkens WJ, Lund VJ, Mullol J, Bachert C, Alobid I, Baroody F, et al. EPOS 2012: European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2012. A summary for otorhinolaryngologists. Rhinology. 2012 Mar. 50 (1):1-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Chakrabarti A, Denning DW, Ferguson BJ, et al. Fungal rhinosinusitis: a categorization and definitional schema addressing current controversies. Laryngoscope. 2009 Sep. 119(9):1809-18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

31. Manes RP, Batra PS. Etiology, diagnosis and management of chronic rhinosinusitis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2013 Jan. 11(1):25-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. [Guideline] Rosenfeld RM,Piccirillo JF, Chandrasekhar SS,et al. of. Clinical practice guideline (update) on adult sinusitis. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015. 152(2 suppl):S1-S39. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Ziegler A, Patadia M, Stankiewicz J. Neurological Complications of Acute and Chronic Sinusitis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2018 Feb 5. 18 (2):5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Joshi VM, Sansi R. Imaging in Sinonasal Inflammatory Disease. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2015 Nov. 25 (4):549-68. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Paz Silva M, Pinto JM, Corey JP, Mhoon EE, Baroody FM, Naclerio RM. Diagnostic algorithm for unilateral sinus disease: a 15-year retrospective review. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2015 Jul. 5 (7):590-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Benninger MS, Payne SC, Ferguson BJ, Hadley JA, Ahmad N. Endoscopically directed middle meatal cultures versus maxillary sinus taps in acute bacterial maxillary rhinosinusitis: a meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006 Jan. 134(1):3-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Wise SK, Ahn CN, Lathers DM, Mulligan RM, Schlosser RJ. Antigen-specific IgE in sinus mucosa of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis patients. Am J Rhinol. 2008 Sep-Oct. 22(5):451-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Rosenfeld RM, Piccirillo JF, Chandrasekhar SS, Brook I, Ashok Kumar K, Kramper M, et al. Clinical practice guideline (update): adult sinusitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015 Apr. 152 (2 Suppl):S1-S39. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. United States Food and Drug Administration. Zicam cold remedy nasal products (Cold Remedy Nasal Gel, Cold Remedy Nasal Swabs, and Cold Remedy Saws, Kids Size). MedWatch Public Health Advisory. Available at http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm166996.htm. Accessed: June 16, 2009.

40. Massoth L, Anderson C, McKinney KA. Asthma and Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Diagnosis and Medical Management. Med Sci (Basel). 2019 Mar 27. 7 (4):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Chong LY, Head K, Hopkins C, Philpott C, Glew S, Scadding G, et al. Saline irrigation for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Apr 26. 4:CD011995. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Vaidyanathan S, Barnes M, Williamson P, Hopkinson P, Donnan PT, Lipworth B. Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis with oral steroids followed by topical steroids: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2011 Mar 1. 154(5):293-302. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Chong LY, Head K, Hopkins C, Philpott C, Schilder AG, Burton MJ. Intranasal steroids versus placebo or no intervention for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Apr 26. 4:CD011996. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Miller LE, Bhattacharyya N. Risk of COVID-19 Infection Among Chronic Rhinosinusitis Patients Receiving Oral Corticosteroids. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2022. 166(:183-185. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Bachert C, Mannent L, Naclerio RM, Mullol J, Ferguson BJ, Gevaert P, et al. Effect of Subcutaneous Dupilumab on Nasal Polyp Burden in Patients With Chronic Sinusitis and Nasal Polyposis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016 Feb 2. 315 (5):469-79. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Han JK, Bachert C, et al. Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: Results from the randomized phase 3 Sinus-24 study (abstract 422). J Aller Clin Immunol. 2019 Feb;143(2; suppl). Presented at the 2019 Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI); San Francisco, CA; February 23, 2019. [Full Text].

47. Bachert C, et al. A randomized phase 3 study, SINUS-52, evaluating the efficacy and safety of dupilumab in patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis (abstract L36). Presented at the 2019 Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI); San Francisco, CA; February 25, 2019.

48. Ragab S, Parikh A, Darby YC, Scadding GK. An open audit of montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, in nasal polyposis associated with asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2001 Sep. 31(9):1385-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Alexander L Schneider 1, Robert P Schleimer , Bruce K Tan. argetable pathogenic mechanisms in nasal polyposis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol . 2021. 11:1220-1234.

50. Platt MP, Brook C D. Choosing the Right Patient for Biologic Therapy in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis: Endotypes, Patient Characteristics, and Defining Failures of Standard Therapy. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2021. 54:701-708.

51. Chong LY, Piromchai P, Sharp S, Snidvongs K, Webster KE, Philpott C, et al. Biologics for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021. 12::CD013513. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Catalano PJ, Payne SC. Balloon dilation of the frontal recess in patients with chronic frontal sinusitis and advanced sinus disease: an initial report. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2009 Feb. 118(2):107-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Schwartz JS, Tajudeen BA, Cohen NA. Medical management of chronic rhinosinusitis - a review of traditional and novel medical therapies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2017 Oct. 26 (10):1123-1130. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Ferguson BJ, Narita M, Yu VL, Wagener MM, Gwaltney JM Jr. Prospective observational study of chronic rhinosinusitis: environmental triggers and antibiotic implications. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Jan. 54(1):62-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Head K, Chong LY, Piromchai P, Hopkins C, Philpott C, Schilder AG, et al. Systemic and topical antibiotics for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Apr 26. 4:CD011994. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Piromchai P, Thanaviratananich S, Laopaiboon M. Systemic antibiotics for chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 May 11. CD008233. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Lim M, Citardi MJ, Leong JL. Topical antimicrobials in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis: a systematic review. Am J Rhinol. 2008 Jul-Aug. 22(4):381-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Reychler G, Domachowski C, Latiers AC, Jamar F, Rombaux P. Clinical efficacy of intranasal drug delivery by nebulization in chronic rhinosinusitis: a systematic review. Rhinology. 2019 Apr 1. 57 (2):82-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Van Zele T, Gevaert P, Holtappels G, Beule A, Wormald PJ, Mayr S, et al. Oral steroids and doxycycline: two different approaches to treat nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 May. 125(5):1069-1076.e4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Sreenath SB, Taylor RJ, Miller JD, Ambrose EC, Rawal RB, Ebert CS Jr, et al. A prospective randomized cohort study evaluating 3 weeks vs 6 weeks of oral antibiotic treatment in the setting of "maximal medical therapy" for chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2015 May 23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. López-Chacón M, Mullol J, Pujols L. Clinical and biological markers of difficult-to-treat severe chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2015 May. 15 (5):19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Qingwu Wu , Lianxiong Yuan , Huijun Qiu , Xinyue Wang , Xuekun Huang 1 Rui Zheng Qintai Yang. . Efficacy and safety of omalizumab in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open. 2021 Sep 3. 11::e047344.

63. Pinto JM, Mehta N, DiTineo M, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of anti-IgE for chronic rhinosinusitis. Rhinology. 2010;4. 8:318–24.

64. Gevaert P, Calus L, Van Zele T, et al. Omalizumab is effective in allergic and nonallergic patients with nasal polyps and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013. 131:110–6.

65. Rudmik L, Soler ZM. Medical Therapies for Adult Chronic Sinusitis: A Systematic Review. JAMA. 2015 Sep 1. 314 (9):926-39. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Bourdillon AT, Edwards HA. Mar-Apr;2):102883. doi: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102883. Epub 2021 Jan 5. PMID:. Review of probiotic use in otolaryngology. Am J Otolaryngol. 2021. 42(:102883. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Bhattacharyya N. Radiographic stage fails to predict symptom outcomes after endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2006 Jan. 116(1):18-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Welch KC, Stankiewicz JA. A contemporary review of endoscopic sinus surgery: techniques, tools, and outcomes. Laryngoscope. 2009 Nov. 119(11):2258-68. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Hox V, Delrue S, Scheers H, Adams E, Keirsbilck S, Jorissen M, et al. Negative impact of occupational exposure on surgical outcome in patients with rhinosinusitis. Allergy. 2012 Jan 9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Purcell PL, Beck S, Davis GE. The impact of endoscopic sinus surgery on total direct healthcare costs among patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2015 Jun. 5 (6):498-505. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Cingi C, Bayar Muluk N, Lee JT. Current indications for balloon sinuplasty. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019 Feb. 27 (1):7-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Singh V. Fungal Rhinosinusitis: Unravelling the Disease Spectrum. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2019 Jun. 18 (2):164-179. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Ponikau JU, Sherris DA, Weaver A, Kita H. Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with intranasal amphotericin B: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005 Jan. 115(1):125-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Sacks PL, Harvey RJ, Rimmer J, Gallagher RM, Sacks R. Topical and systemic antifungal therapy for the symptomatic treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Aug 10. CD008263. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Head K, Sharp S, Chong LY, Hopkins C, Philpott C. Topical and systemic antifungal therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Sep 10. 9:CD012453. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Gupta AK, Bansal S, Gupta A, Mathur N. Is fungal infestation of paranasal sinuses more aggressive in pediatric population?. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006 Apr. 70(4):603-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Hakim HE, Malik AC, Aronyk K, Ledi E, Bhargava R. The prevalence of intracranial complications in pediatric frontal sinusitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006 Aug. 70(8):1383-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Sharma GD, Doershuk CF, Stern RC. Erosion of the wall of the frontal sinus caused by mucopyocele in cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr. 1994 May. 124(5 Pt 1):745-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Benninger MS, Sindwani R, Holy CE, Hopkins C. Impact of medically recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis on incidence of asthma. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2016 Feb. 6 (2):124-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Thamboo A, Kilty S, Witterick I, et al. Canadian Rhinology Working Group consensus statement: biologic therapies for chronic rhinosinusitis. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021. 50::15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

81. Brook I. Treatment modalities for bacterial rhinosinusitis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010 Apr. 11(5):755-69. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Huang A, Govindaraj S. Topical therapy in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013 Feb. 21(1):31-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

83. Joanna Krajewska 1, Krzysztof Zub 1, Adam Słowikowski 2, Tomasz Zatoński 3. Chronic rhinosinusitis in cystic fibrosis: a review of therapeutic options. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. Jan;2022:. 279:1-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

84. McCann MR, Kessler AT, Bhatt AA. Emergency radiologic approach to sinus disease. Emerg Radiol. 2021 Oct;. 28(5):1003-1010. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. Gregurić T, Prokopakis E, Vlastos I, Doulaptsi M, Cingi C, Košec A, et al. Imaging in chronic rhinosinusitis.:A systematic review of MRI and CT diagnostic accuracy and reliability in severity staging. J Neuroradiol. J. 2021. 48:277-281. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Macias-Valle L, Psaltis AJ. A Scholarly Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Intranasal Corticosteroids Preparations in the Treatment of Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Ear Nose Throat J. 2021. 100(:295-301. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Itzhak Brook, MD, MSc Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine

Itzhak Brook, MD, MSc is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, Association of Military Surgeons of the US, Infectious Diseases Society of America, International Immunocompromised Host Society, International Society for Infectious Diseases, Medical Society of the District of Columbia, New York Academy of Sciences, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, Society for Pediatric Research, Southern Medical Association, Society for Ear, Nose and Throat Advances in Children, American Federation for Clinical Research, Surgical Infection Society, Armed Forces Infectious Diseases Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Daniel R Hinthorn, MD, FACP Vice Chair of Internal Medicine, Professor of Internal Medicine, Pediatrics (Hon), and Family Medicine (Hon), Director, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kansas Medical Center

Daniel R Hinthorn, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Family Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, International Society for Antiviral Research, Kansas Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John L Brusch, MD, FACP Corresponding Faculty Member, Harvard Medical School

John L Brusch, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Osama A Abdel Razek, MD, MBBCh, MSc Lecturer in ENT, Suez Canal University Medical School, Egypt

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Himal Bajracharya, MBBS Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Kansas University Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kenneth C Earhart, MD Deputy Head, Disease Surveillance Program, United States Naval Medical Research Unit #3

Kenneth C Earhart, MD, is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Marvin P Fried, MD, FACS Professor and University Chairman, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Marvin P Fried, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American Bronchoesophagological Association, American College of Surgeons, American Laryngological Association, American Laryngological Rhinological and Otological Society, American Medical Association, American Rhinologic Society, American Society for Head and Neck Surgery, American Society for Laser Medicineand Surgery, American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts Medical Society, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society of University Otolaryngologists-Head and Neck Surgeons

Disclosure: Medtronic Consulting fee Consulting; MiMosa Consulting fee Board membership

Babak Sadoughi, MD Fellow in Laryngology/Neurolaryngology, New York Center for Voice and Swallowing Disorders, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons

Babak Sadoughi, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, Association for Research in Otolaryngology, and Medical Society of the State of New York

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Gordon L Woods, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center

Gordon L Woods, MD, is a member of the following medical societies: Society of General Internal Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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