Bacteroides Infection Questions & Answers

1. Elsaghir H, Reddivari AKR. Bacteroides Fragilis. StatPearls. 2022 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. Brook I. Indigenous microbial flora of humans. Surgical Infectious Diseases. 3rd ed. Norwalk, Conn: Appleton & Lange; 1995. 37.

3. Jousime-Somers H, Summanen P, Citron DM. Belmont, Calif. Wadsworth-KTL Anaerobic Bacteriology Manual. 6th ed. Star Publishing; 2002.

4. Brook I, Wexler HM, Goldstein EJ. Antianaerobic antimicrobials: spectrum and susceptibility testing. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2013 Jul. 26(3):526-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Brook I. Enhancement of growth of aerobic and facultative bacteria in mixed infections with Bacteroides species. Infect Immun. 1985 Dec. 50(3):929-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. T Hofstad. Virulence factors in anaerobic bacteria. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1992 \. 11.::1044-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

7. Goldstein EJC, Citron DM, Tyrrell KL. In vitro activity of eravacycline and comparator antimicrobials against 143 recent strains of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides species. Anaerobe. 2018 Aug. 52:122-124. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Merino VR, Nakano V, Liu C, Song Y, Finegold SM, Avila-Campos MJ. Quantitative detection of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis subtypes isolated from children with and without diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol. 2011 Jan. 49(1):416-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Brook I. Microbiology and management of abdominal infections. Dig Dis Sci. 2008 Oct. 53(10):2585-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Finegold SM. Anaerobic Bacteria in Human Disease. Orlando, Fla: Academic Press; 1977.

11. Brook I. The role of anaerobic bacteria in bacteremia. Anaerobe. 2010 Jun. 16(3):183-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Brook I. The role of beta-lactamase-producing-bacteria in mixed infections. BMC Infect Dis. 2009 Dec 14. 9:202. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

13. Nord CE. The role of anaerobic bacteria in recurrent episodes of sinusitis and tonsillitis. Clin Infect Dis. 1995 Jun. 20(6):1512-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Brook I. Anaerobic bacteria in upper respiratory tract and head and neck infections: microbiology and treatment. Anaerobe. 2012 Apr. 18(2):214-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Brook I. Microbiology of sinusitis. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2011 Mar. 8(1):90-100. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Brook I. Penicillin failure in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngo-tonsillitis. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2013 Jun. 15(3):232-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Bartlett JG. How important are anaerobic bacteria in aspiration pneumonia: when should they be treated and what is optimal therapy. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2013 Mar. 27(1):149-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Mazuski JE, Solomkin JS. Intra-abdominal infections. Surg Clin North Am. 2009 Apr. 89(2):421-37, ix. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Brook I. Antimicrobial treatment of anaerobic infections. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2011 Aug. 12(11):1691-707. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Mitchell C, Prabhu M. Pelvic inflammatory disease: current concepts in pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2013 Dec. 27(4):793-809. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Brook I. Anaerobic Infections. Diagnosis and Management. Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. 4th Ed. New York, NY: 2007.

22. Thomas N, Brook I. Animal bite-associated infections: microbiology and treatment. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2011 Feb. 9(2):215-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Brook I, Frazier EH. Clinical and microbiological features of necrotizing fasciitis. J Clin Microbiol. 1995 Sep. 33(9):2382-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Brook I. Microbiology and management of joint and bone infections due to anaerobic bacteria. J Orthop Sci. 2008 Mar. 13(2):160-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Dorsher CW, Rosenblatt JE, Wilson WR, Ilstrup DM. Anaerobic bacteremia: decreasing rate over a 15-year period. Rev Infect Dis. 1991 Jul-Aug. 13(4):633-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Lassmann B, Gustafson DR, Wood CM, Rosenblatt JE. Reemergence of anaerobic bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Apr 1. 44(7):895-900. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Fenner L, Widmer AF, Straub C, Frei R. Is the incidence of anaerobic bacteremia decreasing? Analysis of 114,000 blood cultures over a ten-year period. J Clin Microbiol. 2008 Jul. 46(7):2432-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Brook I. The role of anaerobic bacteria in bacteremia. Anaerobe. 2010 Jun. 16(3):183-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Trad G, Sheikhan N, Nguyen A, et al. TPortal Vein Thrombosis and Pyogenic Liver Abscess With Concomitant Bacteroides Bacteremia in a Patient With COVID-19 Infection: A Case Report and Brief Review. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep . Jan-Dec. 10:;10:23247096221084513. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

30. Johnson-Buck A, Li J, Tewari M, Walter NG. A guide to nucleic acid detection by single-molecule kinetic fingerprinting. Methods. 2019 Jan 15. 153:3-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Snydman DR, Jacobus NV, McDermott LA, Golan Y, Goldstein EJ, Harrell L. Update on resistance of Bacteroides fragilis group and related species with special attention to carbapenems 2006-2009. Anaerobe. 2011 Aug. 17(4):147-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Goto T, Tanaka K, Minh Tran C, Watanabe K. Complete sequence of pBFUK1, a carbapenemase-harboring mobilizable plasmid from Bacteroides fragilis, and distribution of pBFUK1-like plasmids among carbapenem-resistant B. fragilis clinical isolates. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2013 Apr. 66(4):239-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Hecht DW. Anaerobes: antibiotic resistance, clinical significance, and the role of susceptibility testing. Anaerobe. 2006 Jun. 12(3):115-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Bella SD, Antonello RM, Sanson G, et al. Anaerobic bloodstream infections in Italy (ITANAEROBY): A 5-year retrospective nationwide survey. Anaerobe. june 2022. 75:102583. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

35. Lyudmila Boyanova 1, Rumyana Markovska 1, Ivan Mitov. Multidrug resistance in anaerobes. Future Microbiol. 2019. 14:1055-1064. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

36. Sherwood JE, Fraser S, Citron DM, Wexler H, Blakely G, Jobling K. Multi-drug resistant Bacteroides fragilis recovered from blood and severe leg wounds caused by an improvised explosive device (IED) in Afghanistan. Anaerobe. 2011 Aug. 17(4):152-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC ). Multidrug-resistant bacteroides fragilis--Seattle, Washington, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013 Aug 30. 62(34):694-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Mastrantonio P, Cardines R, Spigaglia P. Oligonucleotide probes for detection of cephalosporinases among Bacteroides strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996 Apr. 40(4):1014-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Snydman DR, Jacobus NV, McDermott LA, Goldstein EJ, Harrell L, Jenkins SG, et al. Trends in antimicrobial resistance among Bacteroides species and Parabacteroides species in the United States from 2010-2012 with comparison to 2008-2009. Anaerobe. 2017 Feb. 43:21-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Liu CY, Huang YT, Liao CH, Yen LC, Lin HY, Hsueh PR. Increasing trends in antimicrobial resistance among clinically important anaerobes and Bacteroides fragilis isolates causing nosocomial infections: emerging resistance to carbapenems. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Sep. 52(9):3161-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Merriam CV. Linezolid activity compared to those of selected macrolides and other agents against aerobic and anaerobic pathogens isolated from soft tissue bite infections in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 Jun. 43(6):1469-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Sanai Y, Persson GR, Starr JR, Luis HS, Bernardo M, Leitao J. Presence and antibiotic resistance of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Prevotella nigrescens in children. J Clin Periodontol. 2002 Oct. 29(10):929-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Niestępski S, Harnisz M, Korzeniewska E, Aguilera-Arreola MG, Contreras-Rodríguez A, Filipkowska Z, et al. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance in environmental strains of the Bacteroides fragilis group. Environ Int. 2019 Mar. 124:408-419. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Kierzkowska M, Majewska A, Szymanek-Majchrzak K, Sawicka-Grzelak A, Mlynarczyk A, Mlynarczyk G. In vitro effect of clindamycin against Bacteroides and Parabacteroides isolates in Poland. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2018 Jun. 13:49-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Aldridge KE, Ashcraft D, Cambre K, Pierson CL, Jenkins SG, Rosenblatt JE. Multicenter survey of the changing in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis group, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, and Peptostreptococcus species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Apr. 45(4):1238-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Hansen KCM, Schwensen SAF, Henriksen DP, Justesen US, Sydenham TV. Antimicrobial resistance in the Bacteroides fragilis group in faecal samples from patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics. Anaerobe. 2017 Oct. 47:79-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Nord CE, Oprica C. Antibiotic resistance in Propionibacterium acnes. Microbiological and clinical aspects. Anaerobe. 2006 Oct-Dec. 12(5-6):207-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Warren YA, Tyrrell KL, Merriam CV, Fernandez H. In vitro activity of moxifloxacin against 923 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Jan. 50(1):148-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Gao Q, Wu S, Xu T, Zhao X, Huang H, Hu F. Emergence of carbapenem resistance in Bacteroides fragilis in China. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2019 Jun. 53 (6):859-863. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Wu M, McNulty NP, Rodionov DA, Khoroshkin MS, Griffin NW, Cheng J, et al. Genetic determinants of in vivo fitness and diet responsiveness in multiple human gut Bacteroides. Science. 2015 Oct 2. 350 (6256):aac5992. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Skrede S, Bruun T, Rath E, Oppegaard O. Microbiological Etiology of Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections. Adv Exp Med Biol . 2020. 1294::53-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

52. Márió Gajdács 1, Edit Urbán. Relevance of anaerobic bacteremia in adult patients: A never-ending story?. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) . 2020. 10:64-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

Itzhak Brook, MD, MSc Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine

Itzhak Brook, MD, MSc is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, Association of Military Surgeons of the US, Infectious Diseases Society of America, International Immunocompromised Host Society, International Society for Infectious Diseases, Medical Society of the District of Columbia, New York Academy of Sciences, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, Society for Pediatric Research, Southern Medical Association, Society for Ear, Nose and Throat Advances in Children, American Federation for Clinical Research, Surgical Infection Society, Armed Forces Infectious Diseases Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD David Ross Boyd Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Stewart G Wolf Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Master of the American College of Physicians; Fellow, Infectious Diseases Society of America; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Association of Professors of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Oklahoma State Medical Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jeffrey D Band, MD, FACP, FIDSA Professor of Medicine, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine; Health System Chair, Healthcare Epidemiology and International Medicine, Beaumont Health System; Former Chief of Infectious Diseases, Beaumont Hospital; Clinical Professor of Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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