Deterrence/Prevention

Currently, no vaccine is available for human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection. This is an active area of research, with several groups investigating different vaccination strategies in animal models.^[44]A vaccine using the F (fusion) protein seems to be promising in cotton rat studies.^[45]Inactivated, epitope, chimeric, subunit, and liver-attenuated vaccines are just a few of the different vaccines being assessed for validity against hMPV infection.^[51]

Development of prophylactic antiviral preparations is also underway, with hMPV effectively inhibited in vivo using specific viral fusion inhibitors.^[46]

Because hMPV transmission is likely to occur by contact with respiratory secretions, adherence to strict infection control methods is recommended in clinic and hospital settings. Droplet isolation is often put in place once testing is ordered for the workup of respiratory infections to prevent further transmission during the initial part of a patient's inpatient stay. If the respiratory workup results are negative, the empiric isolation is discontinued.

Patient Education

For patient education resources, see the Bacterial and Viral Infections Center, Pneumonia Center, Cold and Flu Center, and Lung and Airway Center, as well as Measles, Mumps, Viral Pneumonia, Flu in Adults, Flu in Children,Croup, and Bronchitis.

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Media Gallery

Phylogenetic tree showing sequence analysis of human metapneumovirus (hMPV).
Phylogenetic tree of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) strains. Courtesy of Microorganisms [Nao N, Saikusa M, Sato K, et al. Recent Molecular Evolution of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV): Subdivision of HMPV A2b Strains. Microorganisms. 2020 Sep;8(9):1280. Online at: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/9/1280.].
Phylogenetic analysis of the L-proteins of members of the family Paramyxoviridae. Courtesy of ICTV 9th Report on Virus Classification and Taxon Nomenclature (2011) [https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_9th_report/negative-sense-rna-viruses-2011/w/negrna_viruses/200/paramyxoviridae-figures].

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Author

Varvara Probst, MD Resident Physician, Department of Pediatrics University of Florida College of Medicine

Varvara Probst, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Ayesha Mirza, MD Associate Professor of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville

Ayesha Mirza, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, HIV Medicine Association, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

John W King, MD Professor of Medicine, Chief, Section of Infectious Diseases, Director, Viral Therapeutics Clinics for Hepatitis, Louisiana State University School of Medicine in Shreveport; Consultant in Infectious Diseases, Overton Brooks Veterans Affairs Medical Center

John W King, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, American Society for Microbiology, Association of Subspecialty Professors, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Pranatharthi Haran Chandrasekar, MBBS, MD Professor, Chief of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine

Pranatharthi Haran Chandrasekar, MBBS, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society for Microbiology, International Immunocompromised Host Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Additional Contributors

Michael Rajnik, MD Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Program Director, Pediatric Infectious Disease Fellowship Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Michael Rajnik, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Armed Forces Infectious Diseases Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ashley Maranich, MD Pediatric Infectious Disease Staff, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Wilford Hall Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Aliyah Baluch, MD, MSc, FACP Assistant Professor of Medicine, Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine; Assistant Member, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Moffitt Cancer Center

Aliyah Baluch, MD, MSc, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, American Society of Transplantation, Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous authors Michael D Nissen, MBBS, FRACP, FRCPA, Theodorus P Sloots, PhD, and David Siebert, MD, to the development and writing of this article.

Human Metapneumovirus Follow-up

Deterrence/Prevention

Patient Education

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