Lee N, Hui D, Wu A, Chan P, Cameron P, Joynt GM, et al. A major outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med. 2003 May 15. 348(20):1986-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Tsang KW, Ho PL, Ooi GC, Yee WK, Wang T, Chan-Yeung M, et al. A cluster of cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med. 2003 May 15. 348(20):1977-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2003. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/. Accessed: January 31, 2019.
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.;
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical Guidance on the Identification and Evaluation of Possible SARS-CoV Disease among Persons Presenting with Community-Acquired Illness, Version 2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/clinicalguidance.htm.
Vijay R, Hua X, Meyerholz DK, Miki Y, Yamamoto K, Gelb M, et al. Critical role of phospholipase A2 group IID in age-related susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV infection. J Exp Med. 2015 Sep 21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sui J, Li W, Murakami A, Tamin A, Matthews LJ, Wong SK, et al. Potent neutralization of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus by a human mAb to S1 protein that blocks receptor association. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Feb 24. 101(8):2536-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Hsu LY, Lee CC, Green JA, Ang B, Paton NI, Lee L, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Singapore: clinical features of index patient and initial contacts. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Jun. 9(6):713-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Nicolaou S, Al-Nakshabandi NA, Müller NL. SARS: imaging of severe acute respiratory syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003 May. 180(5):1247-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kotani T, Tanabe H, Yusa H, Saito S, Yamazaki K, Ozaki M. Electrical impedance tomography-guided prone positioning in a patient with acute cor pulmonale associated with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Anesth. 2015 Oct 7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ho W. Guideline on management of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Lancet. 2003 Apr 19. 361(9366):1313-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lapinsky SE, Hawryluck L. ICU management of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2003 Jun. 29(6):870-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Tsai LK, Hsieh ST, Chao CC, Chen YC, Lin YH, Chang SC, et al. Neuromuscular disorders in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2004 Nov. 61(11):1669-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hui DS, Chan PK. Clinical features, pathogenesis and immunobiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2008 May. 14(3):241-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lo AW, Tang NL, To KF. How the SARS coronavirus causes disease: host or organism?. J Pathol. 2006 Jan. 208(2):142-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hui DS, Chan PK. Severe acute respiratory syndrome and coronavirus. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2010 Sep. 24(3):619-38. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Tan YJ, Fielding BC, Goh PY, Shen S, Tan TH, Lim SG, et al. Overexpression of 7a, a protein specifically encoded by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, induces apoptosis via a caspase-dependent pathway. J Virol. 2004 Dec. 78(24):14043-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Jiang Y, Xu J, Zhou C, Wu Z, Zhong S, Liu J, et al. Characterization of cytokine/chemokine profiles of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Apr 15. 171(8):850-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Peiris JS, Lai ST, Poon LL, Guan Y, Yam LY, Lim W, et al. Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet. 2003 Apr 19. 361(9366):1319-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hui DS, Sung JJ. Severe acute respiratory syndrome. Chest. 2003 Jul. 124(1):12-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Wong GW, Hui DS. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): epidemiology, diagnosis and management. Thorax. 2003 Jul. 58(7):558-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Wang LF, Shi Z, Zhang S, Field H, Daszak P, Eaton BT. Review of bats and SARS. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Dec. 12(12):1834-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rota PA, Oberste MS, Monroe SS, Nix WA, Campagnoli R, Icenogle JP, et al. Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Science. 2003 May 30. 300(5624):1394-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Tripet B, Howard MW, Jobling M, Holmes RK, Holmes KV, Hodges RS. Structural characterization of the SARS-coronavirus spike S fusion protein core. J Biol Chem. 2004 May 14. 279(20):20836-49. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong SK, Berne MA, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature. 2003 Nov 27. 426(6965):450-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Frieman M, Baric R. Mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome pathogenesis and innate immunomodulation. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2008 Dec. 72(4):672-85, Table of Contents. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Yang ZY, Huang Y, Ganesh L, Leung K, Kong WP, Schwartz O, et al. pH-dependent entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus is mediated by the spike glycoprotein and enhanced by dendritic cell transfer through DC-SIGN. J Virol. 2004 Jun. 78(11):5642-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Samuel CE. Antiviral actions of interferons. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001 Oct. 14(4):778-809, table of contents. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Stertz S, Reichelt M, Spiegel M, Kuri T, Martínez-Sobrido L, García-Sastre A, et al. The intracellular sites of early replication and budding of SARS-coronavirus. Virology. 2007 May 10. 361(2):304-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Versteeg GA, Bredenbeek PJ, van den Worm SH, Spaan WJ. Group 2 coronaviruses prevent immediate early interferon induction by protection of viral RNA from host cell recognition. Virology. 2007 Apr 25. 361(1):18-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kuri T, Weber F. Interferon interplay helps tissue cells to cope with SARS-coronavirus infection. Virulence. 2010 Jul-Aug. 1(4):273-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cervantes-Barragan L, Züst R, Weber F, Spiegel M, Lang KS, Akira S, et al. Control of coronavirus infection through plasmacytoid dendritic-cell-derived type I interferon. Blood. 2007 Feb 1. 109(3):1131-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cameron MJ, Ran L, Xu L, Danesh A, Bermejo-Martin JF, Cameron CM, et al. Interferon-mediated immunopathological events are associated with atypical innate and adaptive immune responses in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. J Virol. 2007 Aug. 81(16):8692-706. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Fang X, Gao J, Zheng H, Li B, Kong L, Zhang Y, et al. The membrane protein of SARS-CoV suppresses NF-kappaB activation. J Med Virol. 2007 Oct. 79(10):1431-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kelland K. Deadly New Virus Well-Adapted to Infect Humans. Medscape Medical News. February 19, 2013. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/779538. Accessed: February 27, 2013.
Kindler E, Jónsdóttir HR, Muth D, Hamming OJ, et al. Efficient Replication of the Novel Human Betacoronavirus EMC on Primary Human Epithelium Highlights Its Zoonotic Potential. MBio. 2013 Feb 19. 4(1):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
New SARS-like virus can probably pass person-to-person. Medscape Medical News. May 13, 2013. [Full Text].
Fouchier RA, Kuiken T, Schutten M, van Amerongen G, van Doornum GJ, van den Hoogen BG, et al. Aetiology: Koch's postulates fulfilled for SARS virus. Nature. 2003 May 15. 423(6937):240. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Booth CM, Matukas LM, Tomlinson GA, Rachlis AR, Rose DB, Dwosh HA, et al. Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 144 patients with SARS in the greater Toronto area. JAMA. 2003 Jun 4. 289(21):2801-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and coronavirus testing--United States, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003 Apr 11. 52(14):297-302. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lim PL, Kurup A, Gopalakrishna G, Chan KP, Wong CW, Ng LC, et al. Laboratory-acquired severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2004 Apr 22. 350(17):1740-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Liang G, Chen Q, Xu J, Liu Y, Lim W, Peiris JS, et al. Laboratory diagnosis of four recent sporadic cases of community-acquired SARS, Guangdong Province, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Oct. 10(10):1774-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
World Health Organization. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): Status of the outbreak and lessons for the immediate future. World Health Organization. Available at http://www.who.int/csr/media/sars_wha.pdf. Accessed: October 2007.
Liang WN, Liu M, Chen Q, Liu ZJ, He X, Pan Y, et al. Assessment of impacts of public health interventions on the SARS epidemic in Beijing in terms of the intervals between its symptom onset, hospital admission, and notification. Biomed Environ Sci. 2005 Jun. 18(3):153-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Yu IT, Li Y, Wong TW, Tam W, Chan AT, Lee JH, et al. Evidence of airborne transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus. N Engl J Med. 2004 Apr 22. 350(17):1731-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cyranoski D, Abbott A. Apartment complex holds clues to pandemic potential of SARS. Nature. 2003 May 1. 423(6935):3-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Chan JW, Ng CK, Chan YH, Mok TY, Lee S, Chu SY, et al. Short term outcome and risk factors for adverse clinical outcomes in adults with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Thorax. 2003 Aug. 58(8):686-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Tansey CM, Louie M, Loeb M, Gold WL, Muller MP, de Jager J, et al. One-year outcomes and health care utilization in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Jun 25. 167(12):1312-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Tang NL, Chan PK, Wong CK, To KF, Wu AK, Sung YM, et al. Early enhanced expression of interferon-inducible protein-10 (CXCL-10) and other chemokines predicts adverse outcome in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Chem. 2005 Dec. 51(12):2333-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hui DS, Wong KT, Ko FW, Tam LS, Chan DP, Woo J, et al. The 1-year impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on pulmonary function, exercise capacity, and quality of life in a cohort of survivors. Chest. 2005 Oct. 128(4):2247-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Tsui PT, Kwok ML, Yuen H, Lai ST. Severe acute respiratory syndrome: clinical outcome and prognostic correlates. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Sep. 9(9):1064-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated Interim U.S. Case Definition for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/casedefinition.htm. Accessed: Oct 26 2011.
World Health Organization. WHO recommended measures for persons undertaking international travel from areas affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2003 Apr 4. 78(14):97-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ng LF, Wong M, Koh S, Ooi EE, Tang KF, Leong HN, et al. Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in blood of infected patients. J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Jan. 42(1):347-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Chen X, Zhou B, Li M, Liang X, Wang H, Yang G, et al. Serology of severe acute respiratory syndrome: implications for surveillance and outcome. J Infect Dis. 2004 Apr 1. 189(7):1158-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Reuters. FDA Grants Emergency Approval for Test to Detect MERS. Medscape [serial online]. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/807916. Accessed: July 22, 2013.
Offeddu V, Yung CF, Low MSF, Tam CC. Effectiveness of Masks and Respirators Against Respiratory Infections in Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 13. 65 (11):1934-1942. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Taccone P, Pesenti A, Latini R, Polli F, Vagginelli F, Mietto C, et al. Prone positioning in patients with moderate and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009 Nov 11. 302(18):1977-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lee N, Allen Chan KC, Hui DS, Ng EK, Wu A, Chiu RW, et al. Effects of early corticosteroid treatment on plasma SARS-associated Coronavirus RNA concentrations in adult patients. J Clin Virol. 2004 Dec. 31(4):304-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Sung JJ, Wu A, Joynt GM, Yuen KY, Lee N, Chan PK, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome: report of treatment and outcome after a major outbreak. Thorax. 2004 May. 59(5):414-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Ho JC, Ooi GC, Mok TY, Chan JW, Hung I, Lam B, et al. High-dose pulse versus nonpulse corticosteroid regimens in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Dec 15. 168(12):1449-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Tan EL, Ooi EE, Lin CY, Tan HC, Ling AE, Lim B, et al. Inhibition of SARS coronavirus infection in vitro with clinically approved antiviral drugs. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Apr. 10(4):581-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Chu CM, Cheng VC, Hung IF, Wong MM, Chan KH, Chan KS, et al. Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax. 2004 Mar. 59(3):252-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Chan KS, Lai ST, Chu CM, Tsui E, Tam CY, Wong MM, et al. Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome with lopinavir/ritonavir: a multicentre retrospective matched cohort study. Hong Kong Med J. 2003 Dec. 9(6):399-406. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Ströher U, DiCaro A, Li Y, Strong JE, Aoki F, Plummer F, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus is inhibited by interferon- alpha. J Infect Dis. 2004 Apr 1. 189(7):1164-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Haagmans BL, Kuiken T, Martina BE, Fouchier RA, Rimmelzwaan GF, van Amerongen G, et al. Pegylated interferon-alpha protects type 1 pneumocytes against SARS coronavirus infection in macaques. Nat Med. 2004 Mar. 10(3):290-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Loutfy MR, Blatt LM, Siminovitch KA, Ward S, Wolff B, Lho H, et al. Interferon alfacon-1 plus corticosteroids in severe acute respiratory syndrome: a preliminary study. JAMA. 2003 Dec 24. 290(24):3222-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Das D, Kammila S, Suresh MR. Development, characterization, and application of monoclonal antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2010 Dec. 17(12):2033-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
ter Meulen J, Bakker AB, van den Brink EN, Weverling GJ, Martina BE, Haagmans BL, et al. Human monoclonal antibody as prophylaxis for SARS coronavirus infection in ferrets. Lancet. 2004 Jun 26. 363(9427):2139-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Lew TW, Kwek TK, Tai D, Earnest A, Loo S, Singh K, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome in critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. JAMA. 2003 Jul 16. 290(3):374-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cheng Y, Wong R, Soo YO, Wong WS, Lee CK, Ng MH, et al. Use of convalescent plasma therapy in SARS patients in Hong Kong. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005 Jan. 24(1):44-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Chen L, Liu P, Gao H, Sun B, Chao D, Wang F, et al. Inhalation of nitric oxide in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome: a rescue trial in Beijing. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Nov 15. 39(10):1531-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cinatl J, Morgenstern B, Bauer G, Chandra P, Rabenau H, Doerr HW. Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus. Lancet. 2003 Jun 14. 361(9374):2045-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Chen Z, Zhang L, Qin C, Ba L, Yi CE, Zhang F, et al. Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing the spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus induces protective neutralizing antibodies primarily targeting the receptor binding region. J Virol. 2005 Mar. 79 (5):2678-88. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Zhou Z, Post P, Chubet R, Holtz K, McPherson C, Petric M, et al. A recombinant baculovirus-expressed S glycoprotein vaccine elicits high titers of SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) neutralizing antibodies in mice. Vaccine. 2006 Apr 24. 24 (17):3624-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Bolles M, Deming D, Long K, Agnihothram S, Whitmore A, Ferris M, et al. A double-inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccine provides incomplete protection in mice and induces increased eosinophilic proinflammatory pulmonary response upon challenge. J Virol. 2011 Dec. 85 (23):12201-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Tseng CT, Sbrana E, Iwata-Yoshikawa N, Newman PC, Garron T, Atmar RL, et al. Immunization with SARS coronavirus vaccines leads to pulmonary immunopathology on challenge with the SARS virus. PLoS One. 2012. 7 (4):e35421. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Honda-Okubo Y, Barnard D, Ong CH, Peng BH, Tseng CT, Petrovsky N. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus vaccines formulated with delta inulin adjuvants provide enhanced protection while ameliorating lung eosinophilic immunopathology. J Virol. 2015 Mar. 89 (6):2995-3007. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Martin JE, Louder MK, Holman LA, Gordon IJ, Enama ME, Larkin BD, et al. A SARS DNA vaccine induces neutralizing antibody and cellular immune responses in healthy adults in a Phase I clinical trial. Vaccine. 2008 Nov 25. 26 (50):6338-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mandavilli A. SARS epidemic unmasks age-old quarantine conundrum. Nat Med. 2003 May. 9 (5):487. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Yang W. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): infection control. Lancet. 2003 Apr 19. 361 (9366):1386-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].