Proteinuria Questions & Answers

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18. Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Mosconi L. Proteinuria predicts end-stage renal failure in non-diabetic chronic nephropathies. The "Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia" (GISEN). Kidney Int Suppl. 1997 Dec. 63:S54-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Hsu CY, Chinchilli VM, Coca S, Devarajan P, Ghahramani N, Go AS, et al. Post-Acute Kidney Injury Proteinuria and Subsequent Kidney Disease Progression: The Assessment, Serial Evaluation, and Subsequent Sequelae in Acute Kidney Injury (ASSESS-AKI) Study. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Jan 27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Jackson CE, Solomon SD, Gerstein HC, et al. Albuminuria in chronic heart failure: prevalence and prognostic importance. Lancet. 2009 Aug 15. 374(9689):543-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Yuyun MF, Khaw KT, Luben R, Welch A, Bingham S, Day NE, et al. Microalbuminuria, cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular morbidity in a British population: the EPIC-Norfolk population-based study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2004 Jun. 11(3):207-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Rein P, Saely CH, Zanolin D, Vonbank A, Drexel H. Albuminuria significantly predicts cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes independently from the baseline coronary artery state. European Heart Journal. Available at http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/34/suppl_1/P5175. August 2013; Accessed: March 24, 2020.

23. Ruggenenti P, Porrini E, Motterlini N, Perna A, Ilieva AP, Iliev IP, et al. Measurable urinary albumin predicts cardiovascular risk among normoalbuminuric patients with type 2 diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Oct. 23(10):1717-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

24. Chiu YW, Adler SG, Budoff MJ, et al. Coronary artery calcification and mortality in diabetic patients with proteinuria. Kidney Int. 2010 Mar 17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Sandsmark DK, Messé SR, Zhang X, Roy J, Nessel L, Lee Hamm L, et al. Proteinuria, but Not eGFR, Predicts Stroke Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease: Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study. Stroke. 2015 Aug. 46 (8):2075-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Huart J, Bouquegneau A, Lutteri L, Erpicum P, Grosch S, Résimont G, et al. Proteinuria in COVID-19: prevalence, characterization and prognostic role. J Nephrol. 2021 Apr. 34 (2):355-364. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

27. Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, et al. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020 May. 97 (5):829-838. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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30. Viswanathan G, Upadhyay A. Assessment of proteinuria. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2011 Jul. 18 (4):243-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Methven S, Macgregor MS, Traynor JP, et al. Assessing proteinuria in chronic kidney disease: protein-creatinine ratio versus albumin-creatinine ratio. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010 Mar 17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Cirillo M. Evaluation of glomerular filtration rate and of albuminuria/proteinuria. J Nephrol. 2010 Mar-Apr. 23(2):125-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Avasare RS, Radhakrishnan J. Proteinuria as a surrogate marker for renal outcome: are we there yet?. Kidney Int. 2015 Dec. 88 (6):1228-1230. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

34. Kee YK, Yoon CY, Kim SJ, Moon SJ, Kim CH, Park JT, et al. Determination of the optimal target level of proteinuria in the management of patients with glomerular diseases by using different definitions of proteinuria. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Nov. 96 (44):e8154. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

35. Davidson JA. SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes and renal disease: overview of current evidence. Postgrad Med. 2019 May. 131 (4):251-260. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Feng C, Wu M, Chen Z, Yu X, Nie Z, Zhao Y, et al. Effect of SGLT2 inhibitor on renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int Urol Nephrol. 2019 Apr. 51 (4):655-669. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Krensky AM, Ingelfinger JR, Grupe WE. Peritonitis in childhood nephrotic syndrome: 1970-1980. Am J Dis Child. 1982 Aug. 136(8):732-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Chapman S, Taube D, Brown Z, Williams DG. Impaired lymphocyte transformation in minimal change nephropathy in remission. Clin Nephrol. 1982 Jul. 18(1):34-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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40. Roozbeh J, Banihashemi MA, Ghezlou M, et al. Captopril and combination therapy of captopril and pentoxifylline in reducing proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy. Ren Fail. 2010 Jan. 32(2):172-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Robles NR, Romero B, de Vinuesa EG, et al. Treatment of proteinuria with lercanidipine associated with renin-angiotensin axis-blocking drugs. Ren Fail. 2010 Jan. 32(2):192-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group [published erratum appears in N Engl J Med 1993 Jan 13;330(2):152]. N Engl J Med. 1993 Nov 11. 329(20):1456-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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44. Bakris GL, et al; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Tolerability Study–Diabetic Nephropathy (ARTS-DN) Study Group. Effect of Finerenone on Albuminuria in Patients With Diabetic Nephropathy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2015 Sep 1. 314 (9):884-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Pozzi C. Treatment of IgA nephropathy. J Nephrol. 2016 Feb. 29 (1):21-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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48. Smith AC, Toto R, Bakris GL. Differential effects of calcium channel blockers on size selectivity of proteinuria in diabetic glomerulopathy. Kidney Int. 1998 Sep. 54 (3):889-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Kohan DE, Pollock DM. Endothelin antagonists for diabetic and non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013 Oct. 76 (4):573-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Wenzel RR, Littke T, Kuranoff S, Jürgens C, Bruck H, Ritz E, et al. Avosentan reduces albumin excretion in diabetics with macroalbuminuria. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 Mar. 20 (3):655-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. de Zeeuw D, Agarwal R, Amdahl M, Audhya P, Coyne D, Garimella T, et al. Selective vitamin D receptor activation with paricalcitol for reduction of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes (VITAL study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010 Nov 6. 376(9752):1543-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. de Borst MH, Hajhosseiny R, Tamez H, Wenger J, Thadhani R, Goldsmith DJ. Active vitamin D treatment for reduction of residual proteinuria: a systematic review. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013 Nov. 24(11):1863-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

53. Nakamura T, Sato E, Fujiwara N, et al. Co-administration of ezetimibe enhances proteinuria-lowering effects of pitavastatin in chronic kidney disease patients partly via a cholesterol-independent manner. Pharmacol Res. 2009 Aug 7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Bianchi S, Bigazzi R, Caiazza A, Campese VM. A controlled, prospective study of the effects of atorvastatin on proteinuria and progression of kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003 Mar. 41(3):565-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Vegter S, Perna A, Postma MJ, et al. Sodium Intake, ACE Inhibition, and Progression to ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Jan. 23(1):165-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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57. Robertson L, Waugh N, Robertson A. Protein restriction for diabetic renal disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17. CD002181. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Waller KV, Ward KM, Mahan JD, Wismatt DK. Current concepts in proteinuria. Clin Chem. 1989 May. 35 (5):755-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Burton C, Harris KP. The role of proteinuria in the progression of chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis. 1996 Jun. 27(6):765-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Friedman DJ, Kozlitina J, Genovese G, Jog P, Pollak MR. Population-based risk assessment of APOL1 on renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 Nov. 22(11):2098-105. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

61. Gorriz JL, Martinez-Castelao A. Proteinuria: detection and role in native renal disease progression. Transplant Rev (Orlando). 2012 Jan. 26 (1):3-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Shamseddin MK, Knoll GA. Posttransplantation proteinuria: an approach to diagnosis and management. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 Jul. 6 (7):1786-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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64. Comper WD, Hilliard LM, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Russo LM. Disease-dependent mechanisms of albuminuria. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2008 Dec. 295 (6):F1589-600. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Inker LA, Astor BC, Fox CH, Isakova T, Lash JP, Peralta CA, et al. KDOQI US commentary on the 2012 KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014 May. 63 (5):713-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Kodner C. Diagnosis and Management of Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults. Am Fam Physician. 2016 Mar 15. 93 (6):479-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Abe M, Okada K, Maruyama N, Matsumoto S, Maruyama T, Fujita T, et al. Comparison between the antiproteinuric effects of the calcium channel blockers benidipine and cilnidipine in combination with angiotensin receptor blockers in hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2010 Sep. 19 (9):1027-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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Beje Thomas, MD Associate Professor, Department of Medicine (Nephrology), Georgetown University School of Medicine; Physician, Transplant Nephrology, Medstar Transplant Institute

Beje Thomas, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Nephrology, American Society of Transplantation, National Kidney Foundation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Edgar V Lerma, MD, FACP, FASN, FAHA, FASH, FNLA, FNKF Clinical Professor of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine; Research Director, Internal Medicine Training Program, Advocate Christ Medical Center; Consulting Staff, Associates in Nephrology, SC

Edgar V Lerma, MD, FACP, FASN, FAHA, FASH, FNLA, FNKF is a member of the following medical societies: American Heart Association, American Medical Association, American Society of Hypertension, American Society of Nephrology, Chicago Medical Society, Illinois State Medical Society, National Kidney Foundation, Society of General Internal Medicine

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Astra Zeneca<br/>Author for: UpToDate, ACP Smart Medicine, Elsevier, McGraw-Hill, Wolters Kluwer.

Vecihi Batuman, MD, FASN Professor of Medicine, Section of Nephrology-Hypertension, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine

Vecihi Batuman, MD, FASN is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Hypertension, American Society of Nephrology, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Tejas Desai, MD Staff Nephrologist, WG (Bill) Hefner VA Medical Center

Tejas Desai, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Nephrology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pankaj Jawa, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, The Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University

Pankaj Jawa, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Hypertension, American Society of Nephrology, American Society of Transplantation, National Kidney Foundation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

George R Aronoff, MD Director, Professor, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, Section of Nephrology, Kidney Disease Program, University of Louisville School of Medicine

George R Aronoff, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Federation for Medical Research, American Society of Nephrology, Kentucky Medical Association, and National Kidney Foundation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kevin McLaughlin, MBChB, PhD, MSc Associate Professor, Assistant Dean, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary Health Region

Kevin McLaughlin, MBChB, PhD, MSc is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Nephrology, American Society of Transplantation, and College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

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