Diabetic Nephropathy Differential Diagnoses

1. Tang SC, Chan GC, Lai KN. Recent advances in managing and understanding diabetic nephropathy. F1000Res. 2016. 5:[Medline]. [Full Text].

2. Bjornstad P, Cherney D, Maahs DM. Early diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: new insights. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2014 Aug. 21 (4):279-86. [Medline]. [Full Text].

3. Ekinci EI, Jerums G, Skene A, Crammer P, Power D, Cheong KY. Renal structure in normoalbuminuric and albuminuric patients with type 2 diabetes and impaired renal function. Diabetes Care. 2013 Nov. 36(11):3620-6. [Medline].

4. Hall JE, Henegar JR, Dwyer TM, Liu J, Da Silva AA, Kuo JJ. Is obesity a major cause of chronic kidney disease?. Adv Ren Replace Ther. 2004 Jan. 11(1):41-54. [Medline].

5. Yip JW, Jones SL, Wiseman MJ, Hill C, Viberti G. Glomerular hyperfiltration in the prediction of nephropathy in IDDM: a 10-year follow-up study. Diabetes. 1996 Dec. 45(12):1729-33. [Medline].

6. Odegaard JI, Chawla A. Connecting type 1 and type 2 diabetes through innate immunity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012 Mar. 2(3):a007724. [Medline]. [Full Text].

7. Chiarelli F, Gaspari S, Marcovecchio ML. Role of growth factors in diabetic kidney disease. Horm Metab Res. 2009 Aug. 41(8):585-93. [Medline].

8. Rask-Madsen C, King GL. Kidney complications: factors that protect the diabetic vasculature. Nat Med. 2010 Jan. 16(1):40-1. [Medline].

9. Ziyadeh FN. Mediators of diabetic renal disease: the case for tgf-Beta as the major mediator. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004 Jan. 15 Suppl 1:S55-7. [Medline].

10. Deshpande SD, Putta S, Wang M, Lai JY, Bitzer M, Nelson RG. Transforming growth factor-ß-induced cross talk between p53 and a microRNA in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes. 2013 Sep. 62(9):3151-62. [Medline].

11. Bherwani S, Saumya AS, Ahirwar AK, et al. The association of folic acid deficiency and diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2016 Apr 15. [Medline].

12. de Boer IH, Rue TC, Hall YN, et al. Temporal trends in the prevalence of diabetic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA. 2011 Jun 22. 305(24):2532-9. [Medline].

13. Klessens CQ, Woutman TD, Veraar KA, et al. An autopsy study suggests that diabetic nephropathy is underdiagnosed. Kidney Int. 2016 Jul. 90 (1):149-56. [Medline].

14. Fan JZ, Wang R. Non-diabetic renal diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes: a single center study. Intern Med J. 2017 Dec 5. [Medline].

15. Pavkov ME, Bennett PH, Knowler WC, Krakoff J, Sievers ML, Nelson RG. Effect of youth-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus on incidence of end-stage renal disease and mortality in young and middle-aged Pima Indians. JAMA. 2006 Jul 26. 296(4):421-6. [Medline].

16. Zhang J, Wang Y, Li L, et al. Diabetic retinopathy may predict the renal outcomes of patients with diabetic nephropathy. Ren Fail. 2018 Nov. 40 (1):243-51. [Medline].

17. Jiang R, Law E, Zhou Z, Yang H, Wu EQ, Seifeldin R. Clinical Trajectories, Healthcare Resource Use, and Costs of Diabetic Nephropathy Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Latent Class Analysis. Diabetes Ther. 2018 Mar 29. [Medline].

18. Rosolowsky ET, Skupien J, Smiles AM, et al. Risk for ESRD in type 1 diabetes remains high despite renoprotection. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 Mar. 22(3):545-53. [Medline]. [Full Text].

19. Kostadaras A. Risk Factors for Diabetic Nephropathy. Astoria Hypertension Clinic. Available at http://www.kidneydoctor.com/dm.htm.

20. Iliadis F, Didangelos T, Ntemka A, et al. Glomerular filtration rate estimation in patients with type 2 diabetes: creatinine- or cystatin C-based equations?. Diabetologia. 2011 Dec. 54(12):2987-94. [Medline].

21. Tervaert TW, Mooyaart AL, Amann K, et al. Pathologic classification of diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 Apr. 21 (4):556-63. [Medline]. [Full Text].

22. Shlipak M. Diabetic nephropathy. Clin Evid (Online). 2009 Jan 14. 2009:[Medline].

23. Burney BO, Kalaitzidis RG, Bakris GL. Novel therapies of diabetic nephropathy. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2009 Mar. 18(2):107-11. [Medline].

24. Suckling RJ, He FJ, Macgregor GA. Altered dietary salt intake for preventing and treating diabetic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Dec 8. 12:CD006763. [Medline].

25. Heerspink HJ, Holtkamp FA, Parving HH, Navis GJ, Lewis JB, Ritz E, et al. Moderation of dietary sodium potentiates the renal and cardiovascular protective effects of angiotensin receptor blockers. Kidney Int. 2012 Mar 21. [Medline].

26. Diabetes Control and Complications Research Group. Effect of intensive therapy on the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. The Diabetes Control and Complications (DCCT) Research Group. Kidney Int. 1995 Jun. 47(6):1703-20. [Medline].

27. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998 Sep 12. 352(9131):837-53. [Medline].

28. Bergman AJ, Cote J, Yi B, Marbury T, Swan SK, Smith W. Effect of renal insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor. Diabetes Care. 2007 Jul. 30(7):1862-4. [Medline].

29. Scheen AJ. Pharmacokinetic considerations for the treatment of diabetes in patients with chronic kidney disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2013 May. 9(5):529-50. [Medline].

30. Snyder RW, Berns JS. Use of insulin and oral hypoglycemic medications in patients with diabetes mellitus and advanced kidney disease. Semin Dial. 2004 Sep-Oct. 17(5):365-70. [Medline].

31. Lamos EM, Younk LM, Davis SN. Canagliflozin , an inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2013 Jun. 9(6):763-75. [Medline].

32. Salamon M. Diabetes Drug 'Home Run' Curtailing Kidney Failure Risk. Medscape Medical News. 2019 Apr 15. [Full Text].

33. Linnebjerg H, Kothare PA, Park S, Mace K, Reddy S, Mitchell M. Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of exenatide. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Sep. 64(3):317-27. [Medline].

34. Davidson JA, Brett J, Falahati A, Scott D. Mild renal impairment and the efficacy and safety of liraglutide. Endocr Pract. 2011 May-Jun. 17(3):345-55. [Medline].

35. Young A. Clinical studies. Adv Pharmacol. 2005. 52:289-320. [Medline].

36. Mogensen CE. The effect of blood pressure intervention on renal function in insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabete Metab. 1989. 15(5 Pt 2):343-51. [Medline].

37. Laight DW. Therapeutic inhibition of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2009 Jun. 19(6):753-9. [Medline].

38. Jennings DL, Kalus JS, Coleman CI, Manierski C, Yee J. Combination therapy with an ACE inhibitor and an angiotensin receptor blocker for diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2007 May. 24(5):486-93. [Medline].

39. Imai E, Chan JC, Ito S, et al. Effects of olmesartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes with overt nephropathy: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled study. Diabetologia. 2011 Dec. 54(12):2978-2986. [Medline].

40. Fried LF, Emanuele N, Zhang JH, Brophy M, Conner TA, Duckworth W. Combined angiotensin inhibition for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2013 Nov 14. 369(20):1892-903. [Medline].

41. Persson F, Rossing P, Reinhard H, Juhl T, Stehouwer CD, Schalkwijk C, et al. Renal effects of aliskiren compared with and in combination with irbesartan in patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and albuminuria. Diabetes Care. 2009 Oct. 32(10):1873-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].

42. [Guideline] National Kidney Foundation. NKF-KDOQI Guidelines. Available at http://www.kidney.org/professionals/kdoqi/guidelines.cfm.

43. Agarwal R. Vitamin D, proteinuria, diabetic nephropathy, and progression of CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 Sep. 4(9):1523-8. [Medline].

44. de Zeeuw D, Agarwal R, Amdahl M, Audhya P, Coyne D, Garimella T, et al. Selective vitamin D receptor activation with paricalcitol for reduction of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes (VITAL study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010 Nov 6. 376(9752):1543-51. [Medline].

45. Wenzel RR, Littke T, Kuranoff S, Jürgens C, Bruck H, Ritz E, et al. Avosentan reduces albumin excretion in diabetics with macroalbuminuria. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 Mar. 20(3):655-64. [Medline]. [Full Text].

46. Ueno N. Urate-Lowering Therapy Ameliorates Kidney Function in Type 2 Diabetes Patients With Hyperuricemia. J Clin Med Res. 2017 Dec. 9 (12):1007-12. [Medline]. [Full Text].

47. Suckling RJ, He FJ, Macgregor GA. Altered dietary salt intake for preventing and treating diabetic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Dec 8. 12:CD006763. [Medline].

48. Daudon M, Jungers P. Diabetes and nephrolithiasis. Curr Diab Rep. 2007 Dec. 7 (6):443-8. [Medline].

49. Daudon M, Traxer O, Conort P, Lacour B, Jungers P. Type 2 diabetes increases the risk for uric acid stones. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Jul. 17 (7):2026-33. [Medline]. [Full Text].

50. [Guideline] American Diabetes Association. 10. Microvascular Complications and Foot Care: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jan. 41 (Suppl 1):S105-18. [Medline]. [Full Text].

51. Kocasarac C, Yigit Y, Sengul E, Sakalar YB. Choroidal thickness alterations in diabetic nephropathy patients with early or no diabetic retinopathy. Int Ophthalmol. 2017 Apr 11. [Medline].

52. Park SB, Kim SS, Kim IJ, et al. Variability in glycated albumin levels predicts the progression of diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Complications. 2017 Feb 3. [Medline].

53. Zelnick LR, Weiss NS, Kestenbaum BR, et al. Diabetes and CKD in the United States Population, 2009-2014. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Dec 7. 12 (12):1984-90. [Medline].

54. Cheung CY, Ma MKM, Chak WL, Tang SCW. Cancer risk in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a retrospective cohort study in Hong Kong. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Sep. 96 (38):e8077. [Medline]. [Full Text].

Vecihi Batuman, MD, FASN Huberwald Professor of Medicine, Section of Nephrology-Hypertension, Tulane University School of Medicine; Chief, Renal Section, Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System

Vecihi Batuman, MD, FASN is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Hypertension, American Society of Nephrology, International Society of Nephrology, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Rebecca J Schmidt, DO, FACP, FASN Assistant Dean for Outreach and Community Engagement, Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, West Virginia University School of Medicine

Rebecca J Schmidt, DO, FACP, FASN is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Society of Nephrology, International Society of Nephrology, National Kidney Foundation, Renal Physicians Association, West Virginia State Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Anjana S Soman, MD Staff Physician, Department of Pathology, Quest Diagnostics

Anjana S Soman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society for Clinical Pathology, College of American Pathologists

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Sandeep S Soman, MBBS, MD, DNB Senior Staff Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Henry Ford Hospital

Sandeep S Soman, MBBS, MD, DNB is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Society of Nephrology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Romesh Khardori, MD, PhD, FACP Professor of Endocrinology, Director of Training Program, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Strelitz Diabetes and Endocrine Disorders Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School

Romesh Khardori, MD, PhD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

George R Aronoff, MD Director, Professor, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, Section of Nephrology, Kidney Disease Program, University of Louisville School of Medicine

George R Aronoff, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Federation for Medical Research, American Society of Nephrology, Kentucky Medical Association, and National Kidney Foundation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Sreepada TK Rao, MD, FACP Professor, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center

Sreepada TK Rao, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Hypertension, American Society of Nephrology, and International Society of Nephrology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article