Uremic Encephalopathy Questions & Answers

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2. Bolton CF, Young GB. Encephalopathy of chronic renal failure. Neurological Complications of Renal Disease. 1990. 49-74.

3. Brouns R, De Deyn PP. Neurological complications in renal failure: a review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2004 Dec. 107(1):1-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Lien Y-HH. Nervous system manifestations of renal failure. In: Coffman TM, Falk RJ, Molitoris BA, Neilson EG, Schrier RW, eds. Schrier's Diseases of the Kidney. 9th ed. Philadelphia PA: Lippincott/Wolters Kluwer; 2013. 2277-96.

5. Seifter JL, Samuels MA. Uremic encephalopathy and other brain disorders associated with renal failure. Semin Neurol. 2011 Apr. 31(2):139-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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7. Biasioli S. Neurologic aspects of dialysis. Nissenson A, Fine R, eds. Clinical Dialysis. 2005. 855-876.

8. Deguchi T, Isozaki K, Yousuke K, Terasaki T, Otagiri M. Involvement of organic anion transporters in the efflux of uremic toxins across the blood-brain barrier. J Neurochem. 2006 Feb. 96(4):1051-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. De Deyn PP, Vanholder R, Eloot S, et al. Guanidino compounds as uremic (neuro)toxins. Semin Dial. 2009 Jul-Aug. 22(4):340-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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11. Liu M, Liang Y, Chigurupati S, Lathia JD, Pletnikov M, Sun Z, et al. Acute kidney injury leads to inflammation and functional changes in the brain. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 Jul. 19(7):1360-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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13. Yamamoto T, Satomura K, Okada S, et al. Risk factors for neurological complications in complete hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by Escherichia coli O157. Pediatr Int. 2009 Apr. 51(2):216-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Schmidt M, Sitter T, Lederer SR, Held E, Schiffl H. Reversible MRI changes in a patient with uremic encephalopathy. J Nephrol. 2001 Sep-Oct. 14(5):424-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Kim DM, Lee IH, Song CJ. Uremic Encephalopathy: MR Imaging Findings and Clinical Correlation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2016 Sep. 37 (9):1604-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Kumar G, Goyal MK. Lentiform Fork sign: a unique MRI picture. Is metabolic acidosis responsible?. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2010 Nov. 112 (9):805-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Sina F, Najafi D, Aziz-Ahari A, Shahraki E, Ahimahalle TZ, Namjoo Z, et al. Uremic encephalopathy: A definite diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging?. Eur J Transl Myol. 2022 Aug 12. 32 (3):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

18. Yanai A, Uchiyama K, Ishibashi Y. Uremic encephalopathy in patients undergoing assisted peritoneal dialysis: a case series and literature review. CEN Case Rep. 2019 Nov. 8 (4):271-279. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

James W Lohr, MD Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Fellowship Program Director, University of Buffalo State University of New York School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences

James W Lohr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Society of Nephrology, Central Society for Clinical and Translational Research

Disclosure: Received research grant from: GSK<br/>Partner received salary from Alexion for employment.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Ajay K Singh, MB, MRCP, MBA Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director of Dialysis, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Director, Brigham/Falkner Dialysis Unit, Faulkner Hospital

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Vecihi Batuman, MD, FASN Professor of Medicine, Section of Nephrology-Hypertension, Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine

Vecihi Batuman, MD, FASN is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Hypertension, American Society of Nephrology, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Donald A Feinfeld, MD, FACP, FASN Consulting Staff, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Beth Israel Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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