Overview
How is acute kidney injury (AKI) defined?
What are the dermatologic signs and symptoms of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What are the ocular signs and symptoms of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What are the otolaryngologic signs and symptoms of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What are the cardiovascular signs and symptoms of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What are the abdominal signs and symptoms of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What are the pulmonary signs and symptoms of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Which tests are performed in the workup of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
How is acute kidney injury (AKI) treated?
What is acute kidney injury (AKI)?
How is acute kidney injury (AKI) classified?
What is oliguric and nonoliguric acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the acute kidney injury network (AKIN) classification system?
What are the cardiovascular complications of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What are the pulmonary complications of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What are the GI complications of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
How is pancreatitis diagnosed in acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What causes jaundice in acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the mortality and morbidity associated with infections in acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What are the signs and symptoms of neurologic complications in acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of depressed renal blood flow in the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of acute tubular necrosis in the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of apoptosis in the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of inflammatory response in the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of vasoconstriction in the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of isosthenuria in the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What causes prerenal acute kidney injury (AKI) in newborns and infants?
What causes prerenal acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What causes volume depletion in acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What causes decreased cardiac output in acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What causes systemic vasodilation in acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What causes afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction in acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What causes decreased effective arterial blood volume in acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Which renal arterial diseases cause acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What causes intrinsic acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What are the vascular causes of intrinsic acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What are the glomerular causes of intrinsic acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What are the tubular and cytotoxic causes of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What are the interstitial causes of intrinsic acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What causes postrenal acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What causes intrinsic acute kidney injury (AKI) in newborns and infants?
What causes postrenal acute kidney injury (AKI) in newborns and infants?
What causes prerenal acute kidney injury (AKI) in children?
What causes intrinsic acute kidney injury (AKI) in children?
How does cardiopulmonary bypass affect the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of COVID-19 in the etiology of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the prevalence of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What are mortality rates of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
How does fluid balance affect the prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What are prognostic factors of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
How does nephritis affect the prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
How does proteinuria affect the prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
How do statins affect the prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the long-term prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is included in patient education about acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Presentation
How is acute kidney injury (AKI) differentiated from chronic kidney disease?
What are the etiologic factors for acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Which comorbid conditions increase the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Which urine output findings are characteristic of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Which clinical history findings are characteristic of prerenal acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Which clinical history findings are characteristic of intrinsic acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Which clinical history findings are characteristic of postrenal acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Which physical findings are characteristic of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Which dermatologic findings are characteristic of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Which findings on eye exam suggest acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Which ear exam findings suggest acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Which cardiovascular findings suggest acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What are the abdominal findings characteristic of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Which pulmonary findings suggest acute kidney injury (AKI)?
DDX
Which conditions are included in the differential diagnoses of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of urine output in the differential workup of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What are the differential diagnoses for Acute Kidney Injury?
Workup
What is the role of lab tests in the workup of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of renal imaging in the workup of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of kidney function studies in the workup of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
How is the rise in creatinine predicted in the workup of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of NephroCheck in the workup of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of peripheral smear in the workup of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of serologic testing in the workup of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of urinalysis in the workup of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of urine electrolyte testing in the workup of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of bladder pressure testing in the workup of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of biomarkers in the workup of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of renal ultrasonography in the workup of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of Doppler ultrasonography in the workup of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of nuclear scanning in the workup of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of aortorenal angiography in the workup of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of renal biopsy in the workup of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of a furosemide stress test in the workup of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Treatment
When should treatment of kidney injury (AKI) be initiated?
How is volume homeostasis maintained in the treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of furosemide in the treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
How is hyperkalemia treated in acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of nephrotoxic agents in the treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Which specialist consultations are beneficial to patients with acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of vasodilators in the treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Which dietary modifications are used in the treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of dialysis in the treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the timing and intensity of dialysis in the treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of peritoneal dialysis in the treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of saline in the treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of N -acetylcysteine in the treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of statins in the treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is the role of forced diuresis in the treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
What is included in the long-term monitoring of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
How is acute kidney injury (AKI) prevented?
Medications
What is the role of medications in the treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Which medications in the drug class Vasodilators are used in the treatment of Acute Kidney Injury?
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Pigmented, muddy brown, granular casts are visible in the urine sediment of a patient with acute tubular necrosis (400x magnification).
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Photomicrograph of a renal biopsy specimen shows renal medulla, which is composed mainly of renal tubules. Features suggesting acute tubular necrosis are the patchy or diffuse denudation of the renal tubular cells with loss of brush border (blue arrows); flattening of the renal tubular cells due to tubular dilation (orange arrows); intratubular cast formation (yellow arrows); and sloughing of cells, which is responsible for the formation of granular casts (red arrow). Finally, intratubular obstruction due to the denuded epithelium and cellular debris is evident (green arrow); note that the denuded tubular epithelial cells clump together because of rearrangement of intercellular adhesion molecules.