Skull Fracture Workup

1. Ahlgren P, Mygind T, Wilhjelm B. [An unusual fracture of the base of the skull.]. Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Nuklearmed. 1962 Sep. 97:388-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Ishman SL, Friedland DR. Temporal bone fractures: traditional classification and clinical relevance. Laryngoscope. 2004 Oct. 114(10):1734-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Arrey EN, Kerr ML, Fletcher S, Cox CS Jr, Sandberg DI. Linear nondisplaced skull fractures in children: who should be observed or admitted?. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2015 Sep 4. 1-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Idriz S, Patel JH, Ameli Renani S, Allan R, Vlahos I. CT of Normal Developmental and Variant Anatomy of the Pediatric Skull: Distinguishing Trauma from Normality. Radiographics. 2015 Jul 31. 140177. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Orman G, Wagner MW, Seeburg D, Zamora CA, Oshmyansky A, Tekes A, et al. Pediatric skull fracture diagnosis: should 3D CT reconstructions be added as routine imaging?. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2015 Jul 17. 1-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Culotta PA, Crowe JE, Tran QA, Jones JY, Mehollin-Ray AR, Tran HB, et al. Performance of computed tomography of the head to evaluate for skull fractures in infants with suspected non-accidental trauma. Pediatr Radiol. 2017 Jan. 47 (1):74-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Tseng WC, Shih HM, Su YC, Chen HW, Hsiao KY, Chen IC. The association between skull bone fractures and outcomes in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma. 2011 Dec. 71(6):1611-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. [Guideline] Shetty VS, Reiss MN, Aulino JM, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria head trauma. National Guideline Clearinghouse. Available at http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=49914&search=acr+appropriateness+criteria%c2%ae+head+trauma. 2015; Accessed: May 26, 2016.

9. [Guideline] Ryan ME, Palasis S, Saigal G, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria head trauma--child. National Guideline Clearinghouse. Available at http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=48288&search=acr+appropriateness+criteria%c2%ae+head+trauma. 2014; Accessed: May 26, 2016.

10. Arneitz C, Sinzig M, Fasching G. Diagnostic and Clinical Management of Skull Fractures in Children. J Clin Imaging Sci. 2016. 6:47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Atta HM. Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus: the oldest known surgical treatise. Am Surg. 1999 Dec. 65(12):1190-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Prioreschi P. Skull trauma in Egyptian and Hippocratic medicine. Gesnerus. 1993. 50 ( Pt 3-4):167-78. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Aciduman A, Arda B, Ozaktürk FG, Telatar UF. What does Al-Qanun Fi Al-Tibb (the Canon of Medicine) say on head injuries?. Neurosurg Rev. 2009 Jul. 32(3):255-63; discussion 263. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Turgut M. Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu (1385-1468) on pediatric skull fractures. Historical vignette. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2008. 44(4):264-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Bell C. Surgical observation. Middlesex Hosp Jour. 1817. 4:469.

16. Peeters F, Verbeeten B. Evaluation of occipital condyle fracture and atlantic fracture, two uncommon complications of cranio-vertebral trauma. Rofo. 1983 May. 138(5):631-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Wennmo C, Spandow O. Fractures of the temporal bone--chain incongruencies. Am J Otolaryngol. 1993 Jan-Feb. 14(1):38-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Anderson PA, Montesano PX. Morphology and treatment of occipital condyle fractures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1988 Jul. 13(7):731-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Tuli S, Tator CH, Fehlings MG, Mackay M. Occipital condyle fractures. Neurosurgery. 1997 Aug. 41(2):368-76; discussion 376-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Menku A, Koc RK, Tucer B, Durak AC, Akdemir H. Clivus fractures: clinical presentations and courses. Neurosurg Rev. 2004 Jul. 27(3):194-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Skull Fractures. Columbia Neurosurgery. Available at https://www.columbianeurosurgery.org/conditions/skull-fractures/causes/. Accessed: September 27, 2018.

22. Mannix R, Monuteaux MC, Schutzman SA, Meehan WP 3rd, Nigrovic LE, Neuman MI. Isolated skull fractures: trends in management in US pediatric emergency departments. Ann Emerg Med. 2013 Oct. 62 (4):327-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Ingram MD Jr, Hamilton WM. Cephalohematoma in the newborn. Radiology. 1950 Oct. 55(4):502-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Legros B, Fournier P, Chiaroni P, Ritz O, Fusciardi J. Basal fracture of the skull and lower (IX, X, XI, XII) cranial nerves palsy: four case reports including two fractures of the occipital condyle--a literature review. J Trauma. 2000 Feb. 48(2):342-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Collet FJ. Sur un nouveau syndrome paralatique pharyngologe par blessure de guerre (hemiplegie glosso-laryngo-scapulo-pharynge). Lyon Med. 1917. 124:121-9.

26. Sicard JA. Syndrome de carrefour condylo-dechire posterior (type pur paralysie des quatre derniers nerf craniens. Mars Med. 1917. 53:385-97.

27. Rebattu J, Bertoin R. Syndromes des quatre derniers nerfs craniens (Syndrome de Collet) par fracture de l'occipital. Ann des Maladies de l'Orielle, du nez et du pharaynx. 1925. 44:1013-22.

28. Chawla H, Malhotra R, Yadav RK, Griwan MS, Paliwal PK, Aggarwal AD. Diagnostic Utility of Conventional Radiography in Head Injury. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015 Jun. 9 (6):TC13-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Merhar SL, Kline-Fath BM, Nathan AT, Melton KR, Bierbrauer KS. Identification and management of neonatal skull fractures. J Perinatol. 2016 Apr 7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Chawla H, Yadav RK, Griwan MS, Malhotra R, Paliwal PK. Sensitivity and specificity of CT scan in revealing skull fracture in medico-legal head injury victims. Australas Med J. 2015. 8 (7):235-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Pait TG, Al-Mefty O, Boop FA, Arnautovic KI, Rahman S, Ceola W. Inside-outside technique for posterior occipitocervical spine instrumentation and stabilization: preliminary results. J Neurosurg. 1999 Jan. 90(1 Suppl):1-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Bonfield CM, Naran S, Adetayo OA, Pollack IF, Losee JE. Pediatric skull fractures: the need for surgical intervention, characteristics, complications, and outcomes. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2014 Aug. 14(2):205-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Leibu S, Rosenthal G, Shoshan Y, Benifla M. Clinical Significance of Long-Term Follow-Up of Children with Posttraumatic Skull Base Fracture. World Neurosurg. 2017 Jul. 103:315-321. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Phang SY, Whitehouse K, Lee L, Khalil H, McArdle P, Whitfield PC. Management of CSF leak in base of skull fractures in adults. Br J Neurosurg. 2016 Dec. 30 (6):596-604. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Metzinger SE, Guerra AB, Garcia RE. Frontal sinus fractures: management guidelines. Facial Plast Surg. 2005 Aug. 21(3):199-206. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Gallo P, Mazza C, Sala F. Intrauterine head stab wound injury resulting in a growing skull fracture: a case report and literature review. Childs Nerv Syst. 2009 Aug 7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Singh I, Rohilla S, Siddiqui SA, Kumar P. Growing skull fractures: guidelines for early diagnosis and surgical management. Childs Nerv Syst. 2016 Mar 29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Epstein JA, Epstein BS, Small M. Subepicranial hydroma. A complication of head injuries in infants and children. J Pediatr. 1961 Oct. 59:562-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Hassan SF, Cohn SM, Admire J, Nunez-Cantu O, Arar Y, Myers JG, et al. Natural history and clinical implications of nondepressed skull fracture in young children. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014 Jul. 77(1):166-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Huang YC, Simmons C, Kaigler D, Rice KG, Mooney DJ. Bone regeneration in a rat cranial defect with delivery of PEI-condensed plasmid DNA encoding for bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4). Gene Ther. 2005 Mar. 12(5):418-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Shibuya TY, Wadhwa A, Nguyen KH, et al. Linking of bone morphogenetic protein-2 to resorbable fracture plates for enhancing bone healing. Laryngoscope. 2005 Dec. 115(12):2232-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Schaller B, Hosokawa S, Büttner M, Iizuka T, Thorén H. Occurrence, types and severity of associated injuries of paediatric patients with fractures of the frontal skull base. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2011 Nov 9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Nazer H Qureshi, MD Neurosurgeon, Princeton Brain and Spine

Nazer H Qureshi, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Surgeons, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, World Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Griffith Harsh IV, MD Professor, Director of Neurosurgical Oncology, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Medical Center, Stanford University School of Medicine

Griffith Harsh IV, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, California Medical Association, Neurosurgical Society of America, North American Skull Base Society, Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Brian H Kopell, MD Associate Professor, Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

Brian H Kopell, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society, North American Neuromodulation Society

Disclosure: Received consulting fee from Medtronic for consulting; Received consulting fee from Abbott Neuromodulation for consulting; Received Consulting Fee from ClearPoint Neuro.

Michael G Nosko, MD, PhD Associate Professor of Surgery, Chief, Division of Neurosurgery, Medical Director, Neuroscience Unit, Medical Director, Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, Director, Neurovascular Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School

Michael G Nosko, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: Academy of Medicine of New Jersey, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Canadian Neurological Sciences Federation, Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Surgeons, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, New York Academy of Sciences, Society of Critical Care Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article