Dysmenorrhea Questions & Answers

1. Ferries-Rowe E, Corey E, Archer JS. Primary Dysmenorrhea: Diagnosis and Therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Nov. 136 (5):1047-1058. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Smith RP. Cyclic pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1993 Dec. 20(4):753-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Smith RP. Gynecology in Primary Care. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1997. 389-404.

4. Ryan SA. The Treatment of Dysmenorrhea. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2017 Apr. 64 (2):331-342. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Jamieson DJ, Steege JF. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, pelvic pain, and irritable bowel syndrome in primary care practices. Obstet Gynecol. 1996 Jan. 87(1):55-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Dawood MY. Dysmenorrhea. J Reprod Med. 1985 Mar. 30(3):154-67. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Koltz MM. Dysmenorrhea, endometriosis and pelvic pain. Lemeke DP, Pattison J, Marshall LA, Cowley DS, eds. Primary Care of Women. Norwalk Conn: Appleton & Lange; 1992. 420-32.

8. Dawood MY. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and changing attitudes toward dysmenorrhea. Am J Med. 1988 May 20. 84(5A):23-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Dawood MY. Dysmenorrhea. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1990 Mar. 33(1):168-78. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Harlow SD, Park M. A longitudinal study of risk factors for the occurrence, duration and severity of menstrual cramps in a cohort of college women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1996 Nov. 103(11):1134-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Andersch B, Milsom I. An epidemiologic study of young women with dysmenorrhea. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982 Nov 15. 144(6):655-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Sundell G, Milsom I, Andersch B. Factors influencing the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhoea in young women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1990 Jul. 97(7):588-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Parazzini F, Tozzi L, Mezzopane R, Luchini L, Marchini M, Fedele L. Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of primary dysmenorrhea. Epidemiology. 1994 Jul. 5(4):469-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Durain D. Primary dysmenorrhea: assessment and management update. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2004 Nov-Dec. 49(6):520-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Huang G, Le AL, Goddard Y, James D, Thavorn K, Payne M, et al. A systematic review of the cost of chronic pelvic pain in women. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2021 Sep 26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Proctor ML, Murphy PA, Pattison HM, Suckling J, Farquhar CM. Behavioural interventions for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18. CD002248. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Iacovides S, Avidon I, Baker FC. What we know about primary dysmenorrhea today: a critical review. Hum Reprod Update. 2015 Nov. 21 (6):762-78. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Willman EA, Collins WP, Clayton SG. Studies in the involvement of prostaglandins in uterine symptomatology and pathology. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1976 May. 83(5):337-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Eden JA. Dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome. NF Hacker, JG Moore, eds. Essentials of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1998. 386-92.

20. Speroff L. Postmenopausal hormone therapy into the 21st century. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1997 Oct. 59 Suppl 1:S3-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Demers LM, Hahn DW, McGuire JL. Newer concepts in dysmenorrhea research: leukotrienes and calcium channel blockers. Dawood MY, McGuire JL, Demers LM, eds. Premenstrual Syndrome and Dysmenorrhea. London: Pitman; 1984. 205-13.

22. Chegini N, Rao CV. The presence of leukotriene C4- and prostacyclin-binding sites in nonpregnant human uterine tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988 Jan. 66(1):76-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Nigam S, Benedetto C, Zonca M, Leo-Rossberg I, Lubbert H, Hammerstein J. Increased concentrations of eicosanoids and platelet-activating factor in menstrual blood from women with primary dysmenorrhea. Eicosanoids. 1991. 4(3):137-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Rees MC, DiMarzo V, Tippins JR, Morris HR, Turnbull AC. Leukotriene release by endometrium and myometrium throughout the menstrual cycle in dysmenorrhoea and menorrhagia. J Endocrinol. 1987 May. 113(2):291-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Akerlund M, Stromberg P, Forsling ML. Primary dysmenorrhoea and vasopressin. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1979 Jun. 86(6):484-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Akerlund M. Pathophysiology of dysmenorrhea. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl. 1979. 87:27-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. French L. Dysmenorrhea. Am Fam Physician. 2005 Jan 15. 71(2):285-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Liu P, Yang J, Wang G, Liu Y, Liu X, Jin L, et al. Altered regional cortical thickness and subcortical volume in women with primary dysmenorrhoea. Eur J Pain. 2016 Apr. 20 (4):512-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Lin SY, Yang YC, Lin CC, et al. Increased incidence of dysmenorrhea in women exposed to higher concentrations of NO, NO₂, NO_x, CO, and PM_2.5: a nationwide population-based study. Front Public Health. 2021. 9:682341. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

30. Proctor M, Farquhar C. Diagnosis and management of dysmenorrhoea. BMJ. 2006 May 13. 332(7550):1134-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

31. Baines PA, Allen GM. Pelvic pain and menstrual related illnesses. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2001 Aug. 19(3):763-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Kalish GM, Patel MD, Gunn ML, Dubinsky TJ. Computed tomographic and magnetic resonance features of gynecologic abnormalities in women presenting with acute or chronic abdominal pain. Ultrasound Q. 2007 Sep. 23(3):167-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Kamaya A, Shin L, Chen B, Desser TS. Emergency gynecologic imaging. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2008 Oct. 29(5):353-68. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Walker CK, Wiesenfeld HC. Antibiotic therapy for acute pelvic inflammatory disease: the 2006 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Apr 1. 44 Suppl 3:S111-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Houry D, Abbott JT. Ovarian torsion: a fifteen-year review. Ann Emerg Med. 2001 Aug. 38(2):156-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Levy BS, Apgar BS, Surrey ES, Wysocki S. Endometriosis and chronic pain: a multispecialty roundtable discussion. J Fam Pract. 2007 Mar. 56(3 Suppl Diagnosis):S3-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Parker JD, Leondires M, Sinaii N, Premkumar A, Nieman LK, Stratton P. Persistence of dysmenorrhea and nonmenstrual pain after optimal endometriosis surgery may indicate adenomyosis. Fertil Steril. 2006 Sep. 86(3):711-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Sobczyk R, Braunstein ML, Solberg L, Schuman SH. A case control survey and dysmenorrhea in a family practice population: a proposed disability index. J Fam Pract. 1978 Aug. 7(2):285-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Fraser IS. Prostaglandins, prostaglandin inhibitors and their roles in gynaecological disorders. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1992 Dec. 6(4):829-57. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Osuga Y, Hayashi K, Kobayashi Y, et al. Dysmenorrhea in Japanese women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2005 Jan. 88(1):82-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Latthe P, Mignini L, Gray R, Hills R, Khan K. Factors predisposing women to chronic pelvic pain: systematic review. BMJ. 2006 Apr 1. 332(7544):749-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

42. Klein JR, Litt IF. Epidemiology of adolescent dysmenorrhea. Pediatrics. 1981 Nov. 68(5):661-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Ohde S, Tokuda Y, Takahashi O, Yanai H, Hinohara S, Fukui T. Dysmenorrhea among Japanese women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2008 Jan. 100(1):13-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Sharma P, Malhotra C, Taneja DK, Saha R. Problems related to menstruation amongst adolescent girls. Indian J Pediatr. 2008 Feb. 75(2):125-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Lee LK, Chen PC, Lee KK, Kaur J. Menstruation among adolescent girls in Malaysia: a cross-sectional school survey. Singapore Med J. 2006 Oct. 47(10):869-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. El-Gilany AH, Badawi K, El-Fedawy S. Epidemiology of dysmenorrhoea among adolescent students in Mansoura, Egypt. East Mediterr Health J. 2005 Jan-Mar. 11(1-2):155-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Cakir M, Mungan I, Karakas T, Girisken I, Okten A. Menstrual pattern and common menstrual disorders among university students in Turkey. Pediatr Int. 2007 Dec. 49(6):938-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Burnett MA, Antao V, Black A, et al. Prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea in Canada. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2005 Aug. 27(8):765-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Tadese M, Kassa A, Muluneh AA, Altaye G. Prevalence of dysmenorrhoea, associated risk factors and its relationship with academic performance among graduating female university students in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2021 Mar 19. 11 (3):e043814. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Durand H, Monahan K, McGuire BE. Prevalence and impact of dysmenorrhea among University students in Ireland. Pain Med. 2021 Apr 3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Grandi G, Ferrari S, Xholli A, et al. Prevalence of menstrual pain in young women: what is dysmenorrhea?. J Pain Res. 2012. 5:169-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

52. Swift D. Smoking may increase risk for dysmenorrhea. Medscape Medical News from WebMD. 2014 Nov 18. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/835082. Accessed: November 29, 2014.

53. Ju H, Jones M, Mishra GD. Smoking and trajectories of dysmenorrhoea among young Australian women. Tob Control. 2014 Nov 17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Habibi N, Huang MS, Gan WY, Zulida R, Safavi SM. Prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea and factors associated with its intensity among undergraduate students: a cross-sectional study. Pain Manag Nurs. 2015 Aug 29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Dawood MY. Ibuprofen and dysmenorrhea. Am J Med. 1984 Jul 13. 77(1A):87-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Bahrami A, Sadeghnia H, Avan A, Mirmousavi SJ, Moslem A, Eslami S, et al. Neuropsychological function in relation to dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2017 Aug. 215:224-229. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Jamieson DJ, Steege JF. The association of sexual abuse with pelvic pain complaints in a primary care population. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997 Dec. 177(6):1408-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Propst AM, Storti K, Barbieri RL. Lateral cervical displacement is associated with endometriosis. Fertil Steril. 1998 Sep. 70(3):568-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Barbieri RL, Propst AM. Physical examination findings in women with endometriosis: uterosacral ligament abnormalities, lateral cervical displacement and cervical stenosis. J Gynecol Tech. 1999. 135:102.

60. Milsom I, Andersch B, Sundell G. The effect of flurbiprofen and naproxen sodium on intra-uterine pressure and menstrual pain in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1988. 67(8):711-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Chan WY, Fuchs F, Powell AM. Effects of naproxen sodium on menstrual prostaglandins and primary dysmenorrhea. Obstet Gynecol. 1983 Mar. 61(3):285-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Dawood MY, Khan-Dawood FS. Clinical efficacy and differential inhibition of menstrual fluid prostaglandin F2alpha in a randomized, double-blind, crossover treatment with placebo, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen in primary dysmenorrhea. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Jan. 196(1):35.e1-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Zhang WY, Li Wan Po A. Efficacy of minor analgesics in primary dysmenorrhoea: a systematic review. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998 Jul. 105(7):780-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Marjoribanks J, Ayeleke RO, Farquhar C, Proctor M. Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 Jul 30. [Full Text].

65. Rosenwaks Z, Jones GS, Henzl MR, Dubin NH, Ghodgaonkar RB, Hoffman S. Naproxen sodium, aspirin, and placebo in primary dysmenorrhea. Reduction of pain and blood levels of prostaglandin F2-alpha metabolite. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1981 Jul 1. 140(5):592-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Daniels SE, Torri S, Desjardins PJ. Valdecoxib for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. A randomized, double-blind comparison with placebo and naproxen. J Gen Intern Med. 2005 Jan. 20(1):62-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Morrison BW, Daniels SE, Kotey P, Cantu N, Seidenberg B. Rofecoxib, a specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Oct. 94(4):504-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Fujiwara H, Konno R, Netsu S, et al. Efficacy of montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, for the treatment of dysmenorrhea: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2010 Feb. 148(2):195-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Wong CL, Farquhar C, Roberts H, Proctor M. Oral contraceptive pill as treatment for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 15. CD002120. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Sillem M, Schneidereit R, Heithecker R, Mueck AO. Use of an oral contraceptive containing drospirenone in an extended regimen. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2003 Sep. 8(3):162-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

71. Vercellini P, Frontino G, De Giorgi O, Pietropaolo G, Pasin R, Crosignani PG. Continuous use of an oral contraceptive for endometriosis-associated recurrent dysmenorrhea that does not respond to a cyclic pill regimen. Fertil Steril. 2003 Sep. 80(3):560-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

72. Cheewadhanaraks S, Choksuchat C, Dhanaworavibul K, Liabsuetrakul T. Postoperative depot medroxyprogesterone acetate versus continuous oral contraceptive pills in the treatment of endometriosis-associated pain: a randomized comparative trial. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2012. 74(2):151-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. Petraglia F, Parke S, Serrani M, et al. Estradiol valerate plus dienogest versus ethinylestradiol plus levonorgestrel for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2014 Jun. 125(3):270-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Barnard ND, Scialli AR, Hurlock D, Bertron P. Diet and sex-hormone binding globulin, dysmenorrhea, and premenstrual symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Feb. 95(2):245-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

75. Harel Z, Biro FM, Kottenhahn RK, Rosenthal SL. Supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996 Apr. 174(4):1335-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

76. Ziaei S, Zakeri M, Kazemnejad A. A randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea. BJOG. 2005 Apr. 112(4):466-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

77. Smith CA, Armour M, Zhu X, Li X, Lu ZY, Song J. Acupuncture for dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Apr 18. 4:CD007854. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Witt CM, Reinhold T, Brinkhaus B, Roll S, Jena S, Willich SN. Acupuncture in patients with dysmenorrhea: a randomized study on clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in usual care. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Feb. 198(2):166.e1-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

79. Ma YX, Ye XN, Liu CZ, et al. A clinical trial of acupuncture about time-varying treatment and points selection in primary dysmenorrhea. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013 Jul 9. 148(2):498-504. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

80. Abaraogu UO, Tabansi-Ochuogu CS. As acupressure decreases pain, acupuncture may improve some aspects of quality of life for women with primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2015 Oct. 8 (5):220-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Wade C, Wang L, Zhao WJ, Cardini F, Kronenberg F, Gui SQ, et al. Acupuncture point injection treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea: a randomised, double blind, controlled study. BMJ Open. 2016 Jan 5. 6 (1):e008166. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Chen MN, Chien LW, Liu CF. Acupuncture or acupressure at the Sanyinjiao (SP6) acupoint for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: a meta-analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013. 2013:493038. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

83. Vahedi M, Hasanpoor-Azghady SB, Amiri-Farahani L, Khaki I. Comparison of effect of auriculotherapy and mefenamic acid on the severity and systemic symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized clinical trial. Trials. 2021 Sep 26. 22 (1):655. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

84. Song JA, Lee MK, Min E, Kim ME, Fike G, Hur MH. Effects of aromatherapy on dysmenorrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2018 Aug. 84:1-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. Direkvand-Moghadam A, Khosravi A. The impact of a novel herbal Shirazi Thymus Vulgaris on primary dysmenorrhea in comparison to the classical chemical Ibuprofen. J Res Med Sci. 2012 Jul. 17(7):668-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

86. Pattanittum P, Kunyanone N, Brown J, Sangkomkamhang US, Barnes J, Seyfoddin V, et al. Dietary supplements for dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 22. 3:CD002124. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

87. Azima S, Bakhshayesh HR, Kaviani M, Abbasnia K, Sayadi M. Comparison of the effect of massage therapy and isometric exercises on primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2015 Dec. 28 (6):486-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. López-Liria R, Torres-Álamo L, Vega-Ramírez FA, García-Luengo AV, Aguilar-Parra JM, Trigueros-Ramos R, et al. Efficacy of Physiotherapy Treatment in Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jul 23. 18 (15):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

89. Akin M, Price W, Rodriguez G Jr, Erasala G, Hurley G, Smith RP. Continuous, low-level, topical heat wrap therapy as compared to acetaminophen for primary dysmenorrhea. J Reprod Med. 2004 Sep. 49(9):739-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

90. Akin MD, Weingand KW, Hengehold DA, Goodale MB, Hinkle RT, Smith RP. Continuous low-level topical heat in the treatment of dysmenorrhea. Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Mar. 97(3):343-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

91. Gurgan T, Urman B, Aksu T, Develioglu O, Zeyneloglu H, Kisnisci HA. Laparoscopic CO2 laser uterine nerve ablation for treatment of drug resistant primary dysmenorrhea. Fertil Steril. 1992 Aug. 58(2):422-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

92. Chen FP, Chang SD, Chu KK, Soong YK. Comparison of laparoscopic presacral neurectomy and laparoscopic uterine nerve ablation for primary dysmenorrhea. J Reprod Med. 1996 Jul. 41(7):463-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

93. Latthe PM, Proctor ML, Farquhar CM, Johnson N, Khan KS. Surgical interruption of pelvic nerve pathways in dysmenorrhea: a systematic review of effectiveness. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2007. 86(1):4-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

94. Matthewman G, Lee A, Kaur JG, Daley AJ. Physical activity for primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Sep. 219 (3):255.e1-255.e20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

95. Moro F, Bolomini G, Sibal M, Vijayaraghavan SB, Venkatesh P, Nardelli F, et al. Imaging in gynecological disease (20): clinical and ultrasound characteristics of adnexal torsion. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Dec. 56 (6):934-943. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Allan Dong, MD Resident Physician, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Advocate Lutheran General Hospital

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Kirsten J Sasaki, MD, FACOG Associate Physician, The Advanced Gynecologic Surgery Institute

Kirsten J Sasaki, MD, FACOG is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Gold Humanism Honor Society, Society of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgeons

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Abbvie<br/>Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Abbvie.

Frances E Casey, MD, MPH Associate Professor, Director of Family Planning Services, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, VCU Medical Center

Frances E Casey, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Association of Reproductive Health Professionals, National Abortion Federation, Physicians for Reproductive Health, Society of Family Planning

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Michel E Rivlin, MD Former Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi School of Medicine

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Karim Anton Calis, PharmD, MPH, FASHP, FCCP Clinical Professor, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy; Clinical Professor, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy; Director of Clinical Research and Compliance, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health

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Mert Erogul, MD Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Brooklyn; Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kings County Hospital

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Vaishali Popat, MD, MPH Clinical Investigator, Intramural Research Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health

Vaishali Popat, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Endocrine Society

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Sophia N Kalantaridou, MD Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece

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Devra K Dang, PharmD, BCPS (AQ-ID), CDE Associate Clinical Professor, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy

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A David Barnes, MD, PhD, MPH, FACOG Consulting Staff, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mammoth Hospital (Mammoth Lakes, California), Pioneer Valley Hospital (Salt Lake City, Utah), Warren General Hospital (Warren, Pennsylvania), and Mountain West Hospital (Tooele, Utah)

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Pamela L Dyne, MD Professor of Clinical Medicine/Emergency Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center

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Anthony Charles Sciscione, DO Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University College of Medicine; Director, Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Christiana Care Health System; Director, Delaware Center for Maternal and Fetal Medicine

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