Goodwin TM. Hyperemesis gravidarum. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2008 Sep. 35(3):401-17, viii.
Hay JE. Liver disease in pregnancy. Hepatology. 2008 Mar. 47(3):1067-76. [Medline].
Tan JY, Loh KC, Yeo GS, et al. Transient hyperthyroidism of hyperemesis gravidarum. BJOG. 2002 Jun. 109(6):683-8. [Medline].
Simon EP, Schwartz J. Medical hypnosis for hyperemesis gravidarum. Birth. 1999 Dec. 26(4):248-54. [Medline].
Poursharif B, Korst LM, Macgibbon KW, et al. Elective pregnancy termination in a large cohort of women with hyperemesis gravidarum. Contraception. 2007 Dec. 76(6):451-5. [Medline].
Lacroix R, Eason E, Melzack R. Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: A prospective study of its frequency, intensity, and patterns of change. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Apr. 182(4):931-7. [Medline].
Bailit JL. Hyperemesis gravidarium: Epidemiologic findings from a large cohort. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Sep. 193(3 Pt 1):811-4. [Medline].
Sherman PW, Flaxman SM. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in an evolutionary perspective. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 May. 186(5 Suppl Understanding):S190-7. [Medline].
Creasy RK, Resnik R. Gastrointestinal disease in pregnancy. Creasy RK, Resnik R, eds. Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Principles and Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 2004. 1109-22.
Kuscu NK, Koyuncu F. Hyperemesis gravidarum: current concepts and management. Postgrad Med J. 2002 Feb. 78(916):76-9. [Medline].
Goodwin TM, Nwankwo OA, O'Leary LD, et al. The first demonstration that a subset of women with hyperemesis gravidarum has abnormalities in the vestibuloocular reflex pathway. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Oct. 199(4):417.e1-9. [Medline].
Rodien P, Jordan N, Lefevre A, et al. Abnormal stimulation of the thyrotrophin receptor during gestation. Hum Reprod Update. 2004 Mar-Apr. 10(2):95-105. [Medline].
Panesar NS, Li CY, Rogers MS. Are thyroid hormones or hCG responsible for hyperemesis gravidarum? A matched paired study in pregnant Chinese women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2001 Jun. 80(6):519-24. [Medline].
Murata T, Suzuki S, Takeuchi T, et al. Relation between plasma adenosine and serum TSH levels in women with hyperemesis gravidarum. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2006 Mar. 273(6):331-6. [Medline].
Leylek OA, Toyaksi M, Erselcan T, et al. Immunologic and biochemical factors in hyperemesis gravidarum with or without hyperthyroxinemia. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1999. 47(4):229-34. [Medline].
Hershman JM. Human chorionic gonadotropin and the thyroid: hyperemesis gravidarum and trophoblastic tumors. Thyroid. 1999 Jul. 9(7):653-7. [Medline].
Lagiou P, Tamimi R, Mucci LA, et al. Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy in relation to prolactin, estrogens, and progesterone: a prospective study. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Apr. 101(4):639-44. [Medline].
Koch KL. Gastrointestinal factors in nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 May. 186(5 Suppl Understanding):S198-203. [Medline].
Kosus A, Kosus N, Usluogullari B, Hizli D, Namuslu M, Ayyildiz A. Gut satiety hormones and hyperemesis gravidarum. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2015 Dec. 292 (6):1225-30. [Medline].
Shekhar S, Diddi G. Liver disease in pregnancy. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Oct. 54 (5):475-82. [Medline].
Ergin M, Cendek BD, Neselioglu S, Avsar AF, Erel O. Dynamic thiol-disulfide homeostasis in hyperemesis gravidarum. J Perinatol. 2015 Oct. 35 (10):788-92. [Medline].
Jarnfelt-Samsioe A, Eriksson B, Waldenstrom J, et al. Serum bile acids, gamma-glutamyltransferase and routine liver function tests in emetic and nonemetic pregnancies. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1986. 21(4):169-76. [Medline].
Ustun Y, Engin-Ustun Y, Dokmeci F, et al. Serum concentrations of lipids and apolipoproteins in normal and hyperemetic pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2004 May. 15(5):287-90. [Medline].
Kocak I, Akcan Y, Ustun C, Demirel C, Cengiz L, Yanik FF. Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1999 Sep. 66(3):251-4. [Medline].
Lee RH, Pan VL, Wing DA. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in the Hispanic population affected by hyperemesis gravidarum. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Sep. 193(3 Pt 2):1024-7. [Medline].
Black FO. Maternal susceptibility to nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: is the vestibular system involved?. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 May. 186(5 Suppl Understanding):S204-9. [Medline].
Heinrichs L. Linking olfaction with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, recurrent abortion, hyperemesis gravidarum, and migraine headache. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 May. 186(5 Suppl Understanding):S215-9. [Medline].
Vikanes A, Skjaerven R, Grjibovski AM, et al. Recurrence of hyperemesis gravidarum across generations: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2010 Apr 29. 340:c2050. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Zhang Y, Cantor RM, MacGibbon K, et al. Familial aggregation of hyperemesis gravidarum. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Mar. 204(3):230.e1-7. [Medline].
Kaplan PB, Gucer F, Sayin NC, et al. Maternal serum cytokine levels in women with hyperemesis gravidarum in the first trimester of pregnancy. Fertil Steril. 2003 Mar. 79(3):498-502. [Medline].
Kiyokawa Y, Yoneyama Y. Relationship between adenosine and T-helper 1/T-helper 2 balance in hyperemesis gravidarum. Clin Chim Acta. 2006 Aug. 370(1-2):137-42. [Medline].
Sekizawa A, Sugito Y, Iwasaki M, et al. Cell-free fetal DNA is increased in plasma of women with hyperemesis gravidarum. Clin Chem. 2001 Dec. 47(12):2164-5. [Medline].
Sugito Y, Sekizawa A, Farina A, et al. Relationship between severity of hyperemesis gravidarum and fetal DNA concentration in maternal plasma. Clin Chem. 2003 Oct. 49(10):1667-9. [Medline].
Yoneyama Y, Suzuki S, Sawa R, et al. Plasma adenosine concentrations increase in women with hyperemesis gravidarum. Clin Chim Acta. 2005 Feb. 352(1-2):75-9. [Medline].
Yoneyama Y, Suzuki S, Sawa R, et al. The T-helper 1/T-helper 2 balance in peripheral blood of women with hyperemesis gravidarum. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Dec. 187(6):1631-5. [Medline].
Biberoglu EH, Kirbas A, Dirican AO, et al. Alterations in lipid peroxidation and T-cell function in women with hyperemesis gravidarum. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2015 Sep 14. 1-4. [Medline].
Simpson SW, Goodwin TM, Robins SB, et al. Psychological factors and hyperemesis gravidarum. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2001 Jun. 10(5):471-7. [Medline].
Buckwalter JG, Simpson SW. Psychological factors in the etiology and treatment of severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 May. 186(5 Suppl Understanding):S210-4. [Medline].
Morrow GR, Roscoe JA, Hickok JT, et al. Nausea and emesis: evidence for a biobehavioral perspective. Support Care Cancer. 2002 Mar. 10(2):96-105. [Medline].
Mitchell-Jones N, Gallos I, Farren J, Tobias A, Bottomley C, Bourne T. Psychological morbidity associated with hyperemesis gravidarum: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 2017 Jan. 124 (1):20-30. [Medline].
Fell DB, Dodds L, Joseph KS, et al. Risk factors for hyperemesis gravidarum requiring hospital admission during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Feb. 107(2 Pt 1):277-84. [Medline].
Dodds L, Fell DB, Joseph KS, et al. Outcomes of pregnancies complicated by hyperemesis gravidarum. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Feb. 107(2 Pt 1):285-92. [Medline].
Fossum S, Vikanes ÅV, Naess Ø, Vos L, Grotmol T, Halvorsen S. Hyperemesis gravidarum and long-term mortality: a population-based cohort study. BJOG. 2016 Dec 15. [Medline].
Boelig RC, Barton SJ, Saccone G, Kelly AJ, Edwards SJ, Berghella V. Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 11. CD010607. [Medline].
Rosen T, de Veciana M, Miller HS, et al. A randomized controlled trial of nerve stimulation for relief of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Jul. 102(1):129-35. [Medline].
Borrelli F, Capasso R, Aviello G, et al. Effectiveness and safety of ginger in the treatment of pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting. Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Apr. 105(4):849-56. [Medline].
McParlin C, O'Donnell A, Robson SC, Beyer F, Moloney E, Bryant A, et al. Treatments for Hyperemesis Gravidarum and Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review. JAMA. 2016 Oct 4. 316 (13):1392-1401. [Medline].
Safari HR, Alsulyman OM, Gherman RB, et al. Experience with oral methylprednisolone in the treatment of refractory hyperemesis gravidarum. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998 May. 178(5):1054-8. [Medline].
US Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves Diclegis for pregnant women experiencing nausea and vomiting. April 8, 2013. Available at http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm347087.htm. Accessed: April 15, 2013.
Lowes R. FDA approves Diclegis as first morning sickness drug in 30 years. Medscape Medical News. April 9, 2013. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/782212. Accessed: April 15, 2013.
Koren G, Clark S, Hankins GD, et al. Effectiveness of delayed-release doxylamine and pyridoxine for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Dec. 203(6):571.e1-7. [Medline].
Koren G, Maltepe C. Preemptive Diclectin therapy for the management of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum (abstract). ClinicalTrials.gov. Available at http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00293644. Accessed: April 10, 2013.
Matok I, Gorodischer R, Koren G, Sheiner E, Wiznitzer A, Levy A. The safety of metoclopramide use in the first trimester of pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jun 11. 360(24):2528-35. [Medline].
Holmgren C, Aagaard-Tillery KM, Silver RM, et al. Hyperemesis in pregnancy: an evaluation of treatment strategies with maternal and neonatal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Jan. 198(1):56.e1-4. [Medline].
ACOG. ACOG (American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology) Practice Bulletin: nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Apr. 103(4):803-14. [Medline].
Fejzo MS, Magtira A, Schoenberg FP, et al. Antihistamines and other prognostic factors for adverse outcome in hyperemesis gravidarum. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2013 Sep. 170(1):71-6. [Medline].
Fox S. Morning sickness: antihistamines linked to poor outcomes. Medscape Medical News from WebMD. June 14, 2013. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/806282. Accessed: June 19, 2013.
Goodwin TM. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: an obstetric syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 May. 186(5 Suppl Understanding):S184-9. [Medline].
Hsu JJ, Clark-Glena R, Nelson DK, et al. Nasogastric enteral feeding in the management of hyperemesis gravidarum. Obstet Gynecol. 1996 Sep. 88(3):343-6. [Medline].
Jarnfelt-Samsioe A, Eriksson B, Mattsson LA, et al. Serum lipids and lipoproteins in pregnancies associated with emesis gravidarum. Gynecol Endocrinol. 1987 Mar. 1(1):51-60. [Medline].
Larimore WL, Petrie KA. Drug use during pregnancy and lactation. Prim Care. 2000 Mar. 27(1):35-53. [Medline].
Scott JR. Medical and surgical complications of pregnancy. Danforth DN, De Saia PJ, Hammond CB, Scott JR, eds. Danforth's Obstetrics and Gynecology. 10th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008. 282-6.