Sections

Presentation

History

Assessment of women for their risk of ovarian cancer necessitates obtaining a careful family history of both male and female relatives, including those relatives without cancer. (See Etiology) If possible, obtain verification of the histologic diagnoses. The counsel of a trained geneticist is ideal. Significant problems are involved in the counseling of women and their families with regard to genetic testing and its implications. Carriers of mutations may be detected through laboratory analysis of the genetic structure of white blood cells.

Epithelial ovarian cancer presents as a wide variety of vague and nonspecific symptoms, including bloating, abdominal distension or discomfort, pressure effects on the bladder and rectum, constipation, vaginal bleeding, indigestion and acid reflux, shortness of breath, tiredness, weight loss, and early satiety. The patient may feel an abdominal mass.

A case-control study showed that symptoms independently associated with the presence of ovarian cancer were pelvic and abdominal pain, increased abdominal size and bloating and difficulty eating or feeling full.^[1]Another study reported that gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea, or other digestive disorders were associated with later-stage disease.^[2]Presentation with swelling of a leg due to venous thrombosis is not uncommon. Paraneoplastic syndromes due to tumor-mediated factors lead to various presentations.

A prospective case-control study of 1,709 women visiting primary care clinics found that the combination of bloating, increased abdominal size, and urinary symptoms was found in only 8% of patients overall but in 43% of those with ovarian cancer.^[38]

Physical Examination

Physical findings are uncommon in patients with early disease. Patients with more advanced disease may present with any of the following:

Ovarian or pelvic mass
Ascites
Pleural effusion
Abdominal mass or bowel obstruction

Differential Diagnoses

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Media Gallery

An enlarged ovary with a papillary serous carcinoma on the surface.
Metastases from epithelial ovarian carcinoma involving the omentum.
Inside of a large, smooth-surfaced tumor replacing the ovary. Final histologic studies indicated the tumor was a mucinous carcinoma of low malignant potential. Note the multiple cysts with thick septa between. This tumor was extensively sectioned and was a mucinous carcinoma of low malignant potential.
Granulosa cell tumor excised from a woman aged 44 years. Note the yellowish tumor that has eroded through, onto the surface of the ovary.
This photo shows a granulosa cell tumor, with the cut surface showing classic features of a hemorrhagic cyst and yellowish solid component.
Mature cystic teratoma of the ovary exhibiting multiple tissue types.
Mature cystic teratoma of the ovary with hair, sebaceous material, and thyroid tissue.
Dr. Oliver Zivanovic, MD, PhD, discusses the role of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in ovarian cancer. Courtesy of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.
Dr. Oliver Zivanovic, MD, PhD, demonstrates hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. Courtesy of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.

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Author

Andrew E Green, MD Consulting Staff, Northeast Georgia Medical Center

Andrew E Green, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Society of Gynecologic Oncology, American Society of Clinical Oncology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Agustin A Garcia, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine

Agustin A Garcia, MD is a member of the following medical societies: European Society for Medical Oncology, American Society of Clinical Oncology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Samina Ahmed, MD Fellow, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine

Samina Ahmed, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Clinical Oncology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Yukio Sonoda, MD Associate Professor, Weill Cornell Medical College; Associate Attending Surgeon, Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases; Associate Member, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center

Yukio Sonoda, MD is a member of the following medical societies: AAGL, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society of Clinical Oncology, International Gynecologic Cancer Society, Japanese Medical Society of America, Korean American Medical Assocation, Society of Gynecologic Oncology, Society of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Robert P Edwards, MD Professor, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, University of Pittsburgh; Vice-Chair, Clinical Affairs, Director, Ovarian Cancer Center of Excellence, Magee-Womens Hospital of University of Pittsburgh

Robert P Edwards, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, and Society for Gynecologic Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

C William Helm, MB, BCh, MA, FRCS(Edin), FRCS Professor, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine

C William Helm, MB, BCh, MA, FRCS(Edin), FRCS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, European Society of Gynaecologic Oncology, and International Gynecologic Cancer Society

Disclosure: ThermaSolutions, Inc Grant/research funds Research Registry of patients treated with hyperthemic intraperitoneal chemotherapy; Sanofi-Aventis, Inc Grant/research funds Support for and investigator initiated research study of HIPEC for consolidation in ovarian cancer; ThermaSolutions, Inc Honoraria Speaking and teaching; UpToDate Royalty Online Text Book Chapters; Genzyme, Inc Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Warner K Huh, MD Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Senior Scientist, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama School of Medicine

Warner K Huh, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American College of Surgeons, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Massachusetts Medical Society, and Society of Gynecologist Oncologists

Disclosure: MERCK Consulting fee Consulting; ROCHE PHARMA/DIAGNOSTICS Consulting fee Consulting; INTUITIVE SURGICAL Proctor Fee Consulting; Qiagen Consulting fee Consulting

Karen Loeb Lifford, MD Director of General Gynecology, Associate Program Director, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Instructor, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School

Karen Loeb Lifford, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Massachusetts Medical Society, and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michel E Rivlin, MD Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi School of Medicine

Michel E Rivlin, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Medical Association, Mississippi State Medical Association, and Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

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