Ovarian Cysts Questions & Answers

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9. Knight JA, Lesosky M, Blackmore KM, Voigt LF, Holt VL, Bernstein L, et al. Ovarian cysts and breast cancer: results from the Women's Contraceptive and Reproductive Experiences Study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008 May. 109(1):157-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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11. Clement PB. Anatomy and histology of the ovary. Kurman RJ, ed. Blaustein's Pathology of the Female Genital Tract. 5th ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2002. 649-673.

12. Katz VL. Comprehensive Gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier.; 2007. 1098-103.

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14. Glanc P, Salem S, Farine D. Adnexal masses in the pregnant patient: a diagnostic and management challenge. Ultrasound Q. 2008 Dec. 24(4):225-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Caruso PA, Marsh MR, Minkowitz S, Karten G. An intense clinicopathologic study of 305 teratomas of the ovary. Cancer. 1971 Feb. 27(2):343-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Heling KS, Chaoui R, Kirchmair F, Stadie S, Bollmann R. Fetal ovarian cysts: prenatal diagnosis, management and postnatal outcome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Jul. 20(1):47-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Wyshak G, Frisch RE, Albright TE, Albright NL, Schiff I. Smoking and cysts of the ovary. Int J Fertil. 1988 Nov-Dec. 33(6):398-404. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Holt VL, Cushing-Haugen KL, Daling JR. Risk of functional ovarian cyst: effects of smoking and marijuana use according to body mass index. Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Mar 15. 161(6):520-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Holt VL, Cushing-Haugen KL, Daling JR. Oral contraceptives, tubal sterilization, and functional ovarian cyst risk. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Aug. 102(2):252-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. McDonald JM, Modesitt SC. The incidental postmenopausal adnexal mass. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Sep. 49(3):506-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Kwak DW, Sohn YS, Kim SK, Kim IK, Park YW, Kim YH. Clinical experiences of fetal ovarian cyst: diagnosis and consequence. J Korean Med Sci. 2006 Aug. 21(4):690-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

22. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2009. Estimated New Cancer Cases and Deaths by Sex, US, 2009. American Cancer Society. Available at http://www.cancer.org/docroot/stt/stt_0.asp?from=fast. Accessed: December 24, 2009.

23. Sykes PH, Quinn MA, Rome RM. Ovarian tumors of low malignant potential: a retrospective study of 234 patients. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 1997. 7:218-26.

24. Miller BA, Kolonel LN, Bernstein L, et al. Racial/Ethnic Patterns of Cancer in the United States 1988-1992. National Cancer Institute. 1996.

25. Froyman W, Landolfo C, De Cock B, et al. Risk of complications in patients with conservatively managed ovarian tumours (IOTA5): a 2-year interim analysis of a multicentre, prospective, cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Mar. 20 (3):448-58. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Giuntoli RL 2nd, Vang RS, Bristow RE. Evaluation and management of adnexal masses during pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Sep. 49(3):492-505. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Liu YN, Tan X, Xiong W, et al. Natural history and malignant potential of simple ovarian cysts in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Menopause. 2023 Feb 14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Mantecon O, George A, DeGeorge C, et al. A Case of Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cyst Rupture Necessitating Surgical Intervention. Cureus. 2022 Sep. 14 (9):e29350. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

29. Castillo G, Alcazar JL, Jurado M. Natural history of sonographically detected simple unilocular adnexal cysts in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Gynecol Oncol. 2004 Mar. 92(3):965-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Higgins RV, Matkins JF, Marroum MC. Comparison of fine-needle aspiration cytologic findings of ovarian cysts with ovarian histologic findings. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Mar. 180(3 Pt 1):550-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Moran O, Menczer J, Ben-Baruch G, et al. Cytologic examination of ovarian cyst fluid for the distinction between benign and malignant tumors. Obstet Gynecol. 1993 Sep. 82(3):444-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Lu D, Davila RM, Pinto KR, Lu DW. ThinPrep evaluation of fluid samples aspirated from cystic ovarian masses. Diagn Cytopathol. 2004 May. 30(5):320-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Committee opinion no. 477: the role of the obstetrician-gynecologist in the early detection of epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Mar. 117(3):742-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Jacobs I, Bast RC Jr. The CA 125 tumour-associated antigen: a review of the literature. Hum Reprod. 1989 Jan. 4(1):1-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Visintin I, Feng Z, Longton G, Ward DC, Alvero AB, Lai Y. Diagnostic markers for early detection of ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Feb 15. 14(4):1065-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. McIntosh M, Anderson G, Drescher C, Hanash S, Urban N, Brown P. Ovarian cancer early detection claims are biased. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Nov 15. 14(22):7574; author reply 7577-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Greene MH, Feng Z, Gail MH. The importance of test positive predictive value in ovarian cancer screening. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Nov 15. 14(22):7574; author reply 7577-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Bast RC Jr, Badgwell D, Lu Z, Marquez R, Rosen D, Liu J, et al. New tumor markers: CA125 and beyond. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2005 Nov-Dec. 15 Suppl 3:274-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Osmers R. Sonographic evaluation of ovarian masses and its therapeutical implications [editorial]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1996 Oct. 8(4):217-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Loyer EM, Whitman GJ, Fenstermacher MJ. Imaging of ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 1999 Sep. 9(5):351-361. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Vandermeer FQ, Wong-You-Cheong JJ. Imaging of acute pelvic pain. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Mar. 52(1):2-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Smith-Bindman R, Poder L, Johnson E, Miglioretti DL. Risk of Malignant Ovarian Cancer Based on Ultrasonography Findings in a Large Unselected Population. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Nov 12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Chan L, Lin WM, Uerpairojkit B, Hartman D, Reece EA, Helm W. Evaluation of adnexal masses using three-dimensional ultrasonographic technology: preliminary report. J Ultrasound Med. 1997 May. 16(5):349-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Kupesic S, Plavsic BM. Early ovarian cancer: 3-D power Doppler. Abdom Imaging. 2006 Sep-Oct. 31(5):613-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Menon U, Gentry-Maharaj A, Hallett R, Ryan A, Burnell M, Sharma A, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of multimodal and ultrasound screening for ovarian cancer, and stage distribution of detected cancers: results of the prevalence screen of the UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS). Lancet Oncol. 2009 Apr. 10(4):327-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Partridge E, Kreimer AR, Greenlee RT, Williams C, Xu JL, Church TR, et al. Results from four rounds of ovarian cancer screening in a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Apr. 113(4):775-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

47. Grimes DA, Jones LB, Lopez LM, Schulz KF. Oral contraceptives for functional ovarian cysts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 15. CD006134. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Medeiros LR, Rosa DD, Bozzetti MC, Fachel JM, Furness S, Garry R, et al. Laparoscopy versus laparotomy for benign ovarian tumour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 15. CD004751. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Maiman M. Laparoscopic removal of the adnexal mass: the case for caution. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Jun. 38(2):370-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Vergote I, De Brabanter J, Fyles A, Bertelsen K, Einhorn N, Sevelda P. Prognostic importance of degree of differentiation and cyst rupture in stage I invasive epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Lancet. 2001 Jan 20. 357(9251):176-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Bakkum-Gamez JN, Richardson DL, Seamon LG, Aletti GD, Powless CA, Keeney GL, et al. Influence of intraoperative capsule rupture on outcomes in stage I epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Jan. 113(1):11-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Eltabbakh GH, Charboneau AM, Eltabbakh NG. Laparoscopic surgery for large benign ovarian cysts. Gynecol Oncol. 2008 Jan. 108(1):72-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. [Guideline] Qaseem A, Humphrey LL, Harris R, Starkey M, Denberg TD. Screening pelvic examination in adult women: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Jul 1. 161(1):67-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Gynecologic Practice. Committee opinion no. 534: well-woman visit. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Aug. 120(2 Pt 1):421-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

55. Leiserowitz GS. Managing ovarian masses during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2006 Jul. 61(7):463-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Morgann Madill, MD Resident Physician, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St Mary's Hospital, St Louis University School of Medicine

Morgann Madill, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Shannon M Grabosch, MD Assistant Professor of Gynecologic Oncology, St Louis University School of Medicine

Shannon M Grabosch, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists, American Association of Immunologists, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer, Society of Gynecologic Oncology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Nicole W Karjane, MD Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center

Nicole W Karjane, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics, North American Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology

Disclosure: Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Merck<br/>Served as Nexplanon trainer for: Merck.

C William Helm, MBBCh, MA, FRCS, FRCS(Edin) Consultant in Gynecologic Oncology

C William Helm, MBBCh, MA, FRCS, FRCS(Edin) is a member of the following medical societies: European Society of Gynaecological Oncology, International Gynecologic Cancer Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kimberly Duklewski Abel, MD Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Franklin Memorial Hospital, Carilion Health System

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Andrew A Aronson, MD, FACEP Vice President, Physician Practices, Bravo Health Advanced Care Center; Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Taylor Hospital, Ridley Park, Pennsylvania

Andrew A Aronson, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, Massachusetts Medical Society, and Society of Hospital Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

A David Barnes, MD, PhD, MPH, FACOG Consulting Staff, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mammoth Hospital (Mammoth Lakes, California), Pioneer Valley Hospital (Salt Lake City, Utah), Warren General Hospital (Warren, Pennsylvania), and Mountain West Hospital (Tooele, Utah)

A David Barnes, MD, PhD, MPH, FACOG is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Forensic Examiners, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Medical Association, Association of Military Surgeons of the US, and Utah Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pamela L Dyne, MD Professor of Clinical Medicine/Emergency Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center

Pamela L Dyne, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

A Antoine Kazzi, MD Deputy Chief of Staff, American University of Beirut Medical Center; Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon

A Antoine Kazzi, MD a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mark A Silverberg, MD, FACEP, MMB Assistant Professor, Assistant Residency Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York Downstate College of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, Kings County Hospital, University Hospital, State University of New York Downstate at Brooklyn

Mark A Silverberg, MD, FACEP, MMB is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Dana A Stearns, MD Assistant Director of Undergraduate Education, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital

Dana A Stearns, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine and American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Drugs & Diseases Salary Employment

Walter W Valesky Jr, MD Clinical Assistant Instructor, Department of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York Downstate, Brooklyn

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mark Zwanger, MD, MBA Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University

Mark Zwanger, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, and American Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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