Vaginitis Questions & Answers

1. Kenyon CR, Colebunders R. Strong association between the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and male point-concurrency. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014 Jan. 172:93-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Mercer F, Diala FG, Chen YP, Molgora BM, Ng SH, Johnson PJ. Leukocyte Lysis and Cytokine Induction by the Human Sexually Transmitted Parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016 Aug 16. 10 (8):e0004913. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. Vaginitis. NHIOnDemand. Available at http://content.nhiondemand.com/psv/HC2.asp?objID=100638&cType=hc. Accessed: 12/8/08.

4. CDC. Tracking the hidden epidemics 2000: Trends in STDs in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/std/Trends2000/trichomoniasis.htm. Accessed: 12/8/2008.

5. Donati L, Di Vico A, Nucci M, et al. Vaginal microbial flora and outcome of pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2010 Apr. 281(4):589-600. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Hildebrand JP, Kansagor AT. Vaginitis. StatPearls [Internet]. 2018 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

7. Islam A, Safdar A, Malik A. Bacterial vaginosis. J Pak Med Assoc. 2009 Sep. 59(9):601-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Black CM, Driebe EM, Howard LA, et al. Multicenter study of nucleic acid amplification tests for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in children being evaluated for sexual abuse. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009 Jul. 28(7):608-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Fredricks DN, Fiedler TL, Thomas KK, Oakley BB, Marrazzo JM. Targeted PCR for detection of vaginal bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Oct. 45(10):3270-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

10. Gaydos CA, Beqaj S, Schwebke JR, Lebed J, Smith B, Davis TE, et al. Clinical Validation of a Test for the Diagnosis of Vaginitis. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Jul. 130 (1):181-189. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Angotti LB, Lambert LC, Soper DE. Vaginitis: making sense of over-the-counter treatment options. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2007. 2007:97424. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

12. Sobel JD, Chaim W, Nagappan V, Leaman D. Treatment of vaginitis caused by Candida glabrata: use of topical boric acid and flucytosine. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Nov. 189(5):1297-300. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Van Kessel K, Assefi N, Marrazzo J, Eckert L. Common complementary and alternative therapies for yeast vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2003 May. 58(5):351-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Mendling W, Weissenbacher ER, Gerber S, Prasauskas V, Grob P. Use of locally delivered dequalinium chloride in the treatment of vaginal infections: a review. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2015 Oct 27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Shen J, Song N, Williams CJ, et al. Effects of low dose estrogen therapy on the vaginal microbiomes of women with atrophic vaginitis. Sci Rep. 2016 Apr 22. 6:24380. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Palmeira-de-Oliveira R, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A, Martinez-de-Oliveira J. New strategies for local treatment of vaginal infections. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2015 Sep 15. 92:105-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. [Guideline] American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Vaginitis. Washington (DC): American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG); 2006 May. 12 p. (ACOG practice bulletin; no. 72). [Full Text].

18. Nasrollahi Z, Yadegari MH, Roudbar Mohammadi S, et al. Fluconazole resistance Candida albicans in females with recurrent vaginitis and Pir1 overexpression. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2015 Sep. 8 (9):e21468. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Donders GGG, Grinceviciene S, Bellen G, Jaeger M, Ten Oever J, Netea MG. Is non-response to fluconazole maintenance therapy for recurrent Candida vaginitis related to sensitization to atopic reactions?. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2018 Apr. 79 (4):e12811. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. De Bernardis F, Arancia S, Sandini S, Graziani S, Norelli S. Studies of immune responses in Candida vaginitis. Pathogens. 2015 Oct 9. 4 (4):697-707. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Keating MA, Nyirjesy P. Trichomonas vaginalis infection in a tertiary care vaginitis center. Sex Transm Dis. 2015 Sep. 42 (9):482-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Powell AM, Gracely E, Nyirjesy P. Non-albicans Candida vulvovaginitis: treatment experience at a tertiary care vaginitis center. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2015 Jun 16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Brexafemme (ibrexafungerp) [package insert]. Jersey City, NJ: Scynexis, Inc. June 2021. Available at [Full Text].

Hetal B Gor, MD, FACOG Obstetrician/Gynecologist, Private Practice

Hetal B Gor, MD, FACOG is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michel E Rivlin, MD Former Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi School of Medicine

Michel E Rivlin, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Medical Association, Mississippi State Medical Association, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ann S Botash, MD Director, Child Abuse Referral and Evaluation Program, Professor and Vice Chair for Educational Affairs, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Upstate Medical University

Ann S Botash, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Ambulatory Pediatric Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Pediatric Society, Helfer Society, and Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Susanne Ching, MD Staff Physician, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center

Susanne Ching, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pamela L Dyne, MD Professor of Clinical Medicine/Emergency Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center

Pamela L Dyne, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David S Howes, MD Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics, Section Chief and Emergency Medicine Residency Program Director, University of Chicago Division of the Biological Sciences, The Pritzker School of Medicine

David S Howes, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Bruce A Meyer, MD, MBA Executive Vice President for Health System Affairs, Chief Clinical Officer, Interim CEO, University Hospitals; Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School

Bruce A Meyer, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American College of Physician Executives, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Massachusetts Medical Society, Medical Group Management Association, and Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Phuong H Nguyen, MD Clinical Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine; Chief of Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center

Phuong H Nguyen, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Medical Association, American Medical Women’s Assocation, and California Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Mark Zwanger, MD, MBA Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University

Mark Zwanger, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, and American Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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